Midwest Commercial Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide

Acknowledgement of contributors for this entire article is giving at the end of this page, in no way does Honeycreek take any credit for the contents of this page though the style is our own the contents are not. But we do thank them for their hard work if not for them us the growers would not be able to succeed as well as we do. Please when using any chemicals follow the manufactures directions for usage and disposal if needed. Be kind to the planet and those of us that live on it. For up to date information or to just visit the source please go to Purdue University - Dept Of Horticulture

Midwest Small Fruit Pest Management Handbook

The Midwest Small Fruit Pest Management Handbook is a companion publication to this spray guide that contains additional information on control strategies for small fruit diseases, insect pests, and weeds.

Pesticide safety, sprayer calibration, plant nutrition, and weed identification are also covered. Copies of the publication (OSU Bul. 861) may be available from your state Extension office or from Ohio State University Extension Publications, 385 Kottman Hall, 2021 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH 43210-1044, (614) 292-1607. It is also available online at the Midwest Small Fruit & Grape Net at http://extension.osu.edu/~sfgnet.

Legal Responsibilities for Pesticide Use

Pesticides suggested in this publication have been registered by the Pesticides Regulation Division of the Environmental Protection Agency. At the time this bulletin was published, these pesticides were registered for use as indicated on the individual product labels. These registrations can change at any time. In order to keep you informed of the latest updates on pesticide registrations, a Web version of this publication is updated regularly and can be viewed online at www.hort.purdue.edu/hort/ext/extpubs.shtml.

It is your responsibility as a pesticide user to read and follow all current label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The legal limitations on the use of these pesticides should be strictly observed to prevent excessive residues in or on harvested fruit. All growers should read product labels, follow directions carefully, and observe pre-harvest intervals and application rates. Some of the pesticides suggested in this publication are on the EPA Restricted Use List, and users must be certified private applicators to purchase and apply these materials. The pesticide label is a legal document.

Foreword

Commercial fruit production has become a highly skilled, technical profession. Concerns about pesticide residues, operator risks, and the environment dictate that all fruit growers exercise extreme caution in the use of all pesticides, and indeed, all chemicals.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has designated a number of fruit pesticides as restricted use. Growers who plan to use these restricted materials must be certified as private applicators. Certification requires that applicators understand the following: labels and labeling, safety factors, potential environmental concerns, identification of common pests encountered, pesticides and their use, proper equipment use, application techniques, and applicable state and federal regulations. Training programs are offered to help you in certification. Contact your county Extension office for information.

The pest management recommendations in this guide have been formulated to provide you up-to- date information on pesticides and their applicability to your problem. It is suggested that you use this information to set up your own spray program. You should keep accurate records of materials used, dates of application, areas treated, stages of growth, and weather conditions. Pages 71 and 74 of this guide contain sample record sheets. In case of questions, nothing beats a good set of records. Records are required by EPA for Restricted Use Pesticide applications. Some states may require records for general use pesticides (e.g., Kentucky has this requirement).

Handling Pesticides

1. Know the pesticide toxicity and act accordingly.
2. When mixing pesticides do not breathe the dust, powder, or vapor. Always mix outdoors.
3. Do not smoke, eat, or drink when handling or

Applying pesticides.

1. Stay out of drift from spray or dust.
2. Rinse liquid containers with water at least three times and pour rinsate into spray tank as it is being filled. Punch holes in metal and plastic containers and crush. Dispose of these and all other pesticide containers where there will be no contamination of crops or water supply. Do not re-use pesticide containers.

1. Use an adequate respirator and protective clothing, especially when mixing pesticides. Necessary protective equipment is listed on pesticide labels.
2. Have a buddy around when using acutely toxic organophosphates, just in case.

For maximum safety, get an appropriate blood test before the season starts and test periodically during the season.

Consult a doctor immediately if unusual symptoms develop during or after spraying. Symptoms such as blurred vision, nausea, headaches, chest pains, weakness, diarrhea, or cramps indicate possible pesticide poisoning.

1. Wash hands thoroughly before eating or smoking.
2. Bathe and change clothes daily, and wash contaminated clothing separate from other laundry.
3. Always store a pesticide in its original container, never in an unmarked container. Never trust your memory.

Always store pesticides under lock and key and keep them away from children.

Always use an anti-siphon device when filling the spray tank from a domestic water source.

The label is the law. Read and follow all label instructions carefully.

Management Tips for Safety

1. Maintain accurate spray records. Show application rates, pesticides used, total gallons, area treated, stage of plant development, and weather data.
2. Be prepared to show your records to the EPA or state regulatory officials if necessary.
3. Do not contaminate forage crops or pastures.
4. Do not allow animals to graze fruit plantings.
5. Prevent excess drift.
6. Maintain equipment in top condition.
7. Protect children, pets, livestock, and the environment from pesticide contamination.
8. Follow all label instructions on re-entry times for pesticides. Regulations mandate re-entry times for all pesticides. Sprayed areas must be posted so workers will not enter before the re-entry time without the required protective clothing. Re-entry times and the required protective clothing are listed on product labels and in tables in this guide.
9. Inform all workers of re-entry restrictions and information on safe pesticide use and/or training to meet OSHA requirements.
10. Comply with the Right-To-Know law. Have complete product labels readily available for workers to see. Have the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for each product you use available for workers to see and for rescue or fire personnel to use in case of emergency.
11. Provide pesticide safety training for pesticide handlers and other workers to comply with Worker Protection Standards (WPS).
12. Regularly inspect and maintain personal protective equipment used when applying pesticides.

Pesticide Use and the Law

Pesticides are developed by manufacturers, registered with EPA, and sold to the public with the assumption that users read, understand, and follow instructions found on product labels. Specific information on use, personal protective equipment, environmental precautions, and storage and disposal are found on pesticide labels. The purpose of the label is to provide clear directions to allow maximum product benefit while minimizing risks to human health and the environment.

Every pesticide label includes the statement, It is a violation of federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. This language obliges purchasers or users of any pesticide to assume all legal responsibilities for the product use. Further, courts and regulators recognize that pesticide labels are binding contracts that require those using the products to do so exactly as directed. Terms such as must, shall, do not, and shall not mean users are responsible for specific actions when applying or handling a given product; any departure from such directions is, in the eyes of the law, an illegal use of the pesticide.

Use means more than just applying the pesticide. Federal and state regulations define pesticide use to include handling, mixing, loading, storing, transporting, and disposing, as well as human and environmental exposure. This all-encompassing definition covers every activity that involves a pesticide from purchase to container disposal.

The pesticide label is more than just a piece of paper. It serves a dual function: the label instructs users how to use the product safely and effectively, and it serves as a legal measuring stick. Many statements on the label result from rigorous scientific investigations and governmental regulatory decisions. Pesticide users should read, understand, and follow pesticide label directions to ensure effective pest control, personal safety, environmental protection, and legal compliance.

Pesticide labels include two very important statements:

Re-entry or restricted entry interval (REI) statements contain re-entry precautions and state a time interval during which entry into a pesticide- treated site is not allowed. The statement indicates the length of time that must elapse after the pesticide application before individuals may enter the treated area without personal protective clothing and equipment.

Pre-harvest interval (PHI) statements indicate the time interval that must elapse after the pesticide application before the crop may be harvested. Harvesting prior to the PHI may result in dangerous and illegal pesticide residues on the crop.

Determining Spray Volume and Rate

Small fruit plantings are sprayed with insecticides, fungicides, growth regulators, and nutrient solutions in many different formulations and concentrations and at various stages of plant development. The principal targets in spraying may be the foliage, blossoms, fruit, woody surfaces, or all these components. Obviously, the equipment and methods used for such a diverse spraying program must be versatile, and the equipment must be properly calibrated for each type of application to produce the desired results.

Dilute Spraying

The objective of spraying is to distribute the spray material uniformly over the plants or plant parts of particular concern. Pesticide recommendations are based on the amount of dilute spray needed to wet plants thoroughly, to the point of runoff. In typical blueberry, raspberry, or grape plantings with plants 5 to 7 feet tall and 3 to 5 feet wide and set in rows 9 to 10 feet apart, and in most strawberry plantings, 200 gallons of water per acre has been established as a standard dilute spray volume for fungicide and insecticide application. This dilute rate is considered a 1x concentration.

Low Volume Spraying

Low volume, or concentrate, spraying refers to the use of less water per acre in applying pesticides. In low volume spraying, the volume of water applied per acre is reduced in proportion to the increased concentration of pesticide used by 2x, 3x, 4x, or more. Thus, a 3x rate uses a 3x concentration of pesticide in only one-third the water per acre that would be used in dilute spraying. It is suggested that the amount of pesticide used per acre in low volume sprays of 3x or higher may be reduced by 20 to 25 percent compared to that used when applied dilute. This savings can be realized because sprays are not applied to runoff with low volume application. For example, if 4 lb/acre is the dilute rate, 3.0 to 3.2 lb/acre can be used if the application is made by low volume application.

Low volume sprays must be applied with air-assisted sprayers that use a high velocity airstream to distribute the spray mixture. Most conventional air-assisted sprayers can be used to apply spray mixtures up to 6x concentration. Sprayers specifically designed for ultra low volume application should be used for applications up to 10x. Using low volume sprays requires less labor, less water, less time, and fewer refills than 1x or dilute mixtures. However, low volume sprays have disadvantages. Here are some precautions to follow when making low volume pesticide applications:

1. Use extreme care in calibrating the sprayer and maintaining a constant sprayer speed. As gallons is decreased, errors become much more critical.

2. Choose calm, yet good drying conditions for spraying. This may mean spraying at night or early in the morning. Good coverage cannot be achieved in windy conditions (over 5 mph).

3. Prune plants well to create an open canopy for spray penetration. Spray droplets will not penetrate dense foliage.

4. Choose pesticide formulations that will mix satisfactorily. Pay careful attention to increased operator hazards and drift problems.

Tree Row Volume Spraying

Tree row volume (TRV) is a method originally used with orchard crops to determine the dilute (1x) volume of spray solution necessary to cover the entire plant surface for any given fruit planting. TRV is an objective method for determining the spray volume required for plants of different sizes, and for changes in canopy size as plants develop during the season.

With the TRV method, the volume of dilute spray needed per acre can be easily calculated for each planting based on plant size and density. To determine the TRV, the between-row spacing, maximum plant height, and cross-row plant spread must be accurately measured. See the step-by-step procedure below.

Calculate Tree Row Volume Gallonage

Step 1. Calculate feet of row/acre. 43,560 sq ft/acre between-row spacing (ft) = feet of row/acre

Step 2. Calculate cu ft of TRV/acre.

Feet of row/acre (from Step 1) x plant height (ft) x cross-row plant spread (ft) = cu ft of TRV/acre.

Step 3. Select density factor.

Select one of the following numbers that best indicates the canopy density of each separate planting.

1. gal/1,000 cu ft: Plants extremely open, light visible through entire canopy.
2. gal/1,000 cu ft: Plants well pruned, with moderate vigor, adequate light penetration into canopy, many holes in foliage where light can be seen through plant.
3. gal/1,000 cu ft: Plants pruned minimally, or with high vigor, poor light penetration into canopy, very few holes where light can be seen through plant.
4. gal/1,000 cu ft: Plants unpruned, extremely dense, no light visible anywhere through canopy

Step 4. Calculate TRV gallons/acre.

cu ft of TRV/acre x density (from Step 2) (from Step 3) 1,000 = gallons of dilute solution to be applied per acre = TRV gal/acre

Example

A vineyard has rows spaced 10 feet apart, the canopy height is 6 feet, and the cross row spread is 4 feet at full canopy. The density factor is 0.90.

Step 1 43,560 sq ft · 10 ft = 4,356 ft of row/acre Step 2 4,356 x 6 ft x 4 ft = 104,544 cu ft TRV/acre Step 3 Density has been chosen as 0.90. Step 4 [104,544 x .90] · 1,000 = 94 TRV gal/acre

Determining Material Rate

Most fungicide and insecticide labels list appropriate rates of material per acre. These rates should be followed closely for best results. A few materials also list an approximate spray volume in which to apply the material for best results. Again, these recommendations should be followed closely.

Determining Material Rate Using TRV

For a few materials, rates are listed per 100 gallons. In these cases the rate of material can be calculated by using the TRV method. Calculate the TRV gallons for the planting. Multiply this gallons by the recommended dilute pesticide rate per 100 gallons to determine the rate of pesticide per acre for dilute (1x) application. For example, a fungicide is recommended at 2.0 lb/100 gal and is to be applied in a planting with a TRV gallons base of 94 gal/acre.

Therefore, the rate per acre for this pesticide at 1x concentration is:

2 lb x 94 gal = 1.9 lb/acre 100 gal acre

To determine the rate of fungicide or insecticide per acre when spraying low volume (3x or greater), first calculate the dilute TRV rate as above. Multiply this rate by 0.75 to obtain a concentrate TRV rate. For example, a fungicide is recommended at 2.0 lb/100 gallons dilute and is to be applied at 3x in a planting with a TRV base of 94 gal/acre. The rate of pesticide per acre to be applied is calculated as:

TRV pesticide rate/acre x (0.75) = concentrate pesticide application rate/acre: 1.9 lb/acre x 0.75 = 1.4 lb/acre

So, 1.4 lb of pesticide would be added to 31 gallons of water (94 gal/acre · 3 = 3x low volume) for each acre to be sprayed.

Spraying Small Volumes

In some cases the grower may wish to apply small volumes of pesticides with backpack or hand-held sprayers or wipers. The following table will help make the conversion from rate per 100 gallons to rate per gallon. Care should be taken to measure pesticide amounts accurately because errors will be magnified at small volumes.

Calibrating Single Nozzle and Boom Sprayers

Calibration is an essential step in the use of any application equipment. For boom sprayers, a satisfactory spray pattern can be achieved only if the output from individual nozzles does not differ more than 10%.

Owners manuals for sprayers contain specific instructions for calibration and adjustment. A good time to calibrate is in early spring, right after the sprayer has been reassembled and is being readied for early season operations. Check for worn disks and be sure that all nozzle tips have the same angle and capacity rating. The use of wettable powder sprays enlarges nozzle openings, so calibration of each nozzle is essential. Use only clean water when calibrating sprayers. Start the season with a calibrated sprayer, and depending on the number of gallons sprayed and the cleanliness of the water you have used, calibrate the sprayer again according to intervals specified in the owners manual (or no later than halfway through the spray season).

To Check Nozzle Uniformity

Follow these steps to check nozzle uniformity:

Step 1. Hang a container under each nozzle.

Step 2. Operate the sprayer at the usual application pressure until about a pint of water has been collected in each container.

Step 3. Measure and record the output of each nozzle. Measurements can be made by a dip stick method, but using a graduated cylinder with indications for uid ounces or milliliters is better.

Approximate Dilutions for Small Volumes of Spray Mixes

Equivalent rates for different quantities of water
Formulation	100 gallons	5 gallons	3 gallons	1 gallon
Wettable Powder, Dry Flowable, etc.	5 pounds	15 tablespoons	9 tablespoons	3 tablespoons
	4 pounds	13 tablespoons	8 tablespoons	8 teaspoons
	3 pounds	10 tablespoons	6 tablespoons	2 tablespoons
	2 pounds	8 tablespoons	4 tablespoons	4 teaspoons
	1 pound	3 tablespoons	6 teaspoons	2 teaspoons
	1/2 pound (8 oz)	5 teaspoons	1 tablespoon	1 teaspoon
Emulsifiable Concentrate,Liquid	5 gallons	1 quart	1 1/4 pints	13 tablespoons
	4 gallons	1 1/2 pints	1 pint	10 tablespoons
	3 gallons	1 1/4 pints	3/4 pint	8 tablespoons
	2 gallons	3/4 pint	1/2 pint	5 tablespoons
	1 gallon	1/2 pint	8 tablespoons	3 tablespoons
	1 quart	3 tablespoons	2 tablespoons	2 teaspoons
	1 pint	5 teaspoons	1 tablespoon	1 teaspoon

Step 4. Determine the total output collected from all nozzles.

Step 5. Determine the average per nozzle by dividing the total output by the number of nozzles on the boom.

Step 6. Multiply the average (Step 5) by 5% (0.05).

Step 7. Subtract this figure (Step 6) from the average (Step 5). This will be the lower limit of the 10% allowable spread.

Step 8. Add the 5% figure (Step 6) to the average (Step 5). This will be the upper limit of the 10% allowable spread.

Step 9. The allowable 10% spread is between the low figure (Step 7) and the high figure (Step 8).

Step 10. Compare the output of each nozzle to these low and high figures. Take apart and clean or replace all nozzles with outputs less than the lower limit. Replace all nozzles with outputs greater than the upper limit.

Step 11. After cleaning or replacing nozzles, repeat steps 1 through 10 to make sure your repairs have been successful. Output of new nozzles often fails to match the average of existing nozzles.

Spray Pattern Alignment

Single and double spray patterns can be aligned on a driveway or other at surface. The edges of a single spray pattern should overlap only very slightly and be offset just enough so that the sprays from adjacent nozzles do not collide.

Alignment of nozzles in a double spray or double overlap pattern requires that adjacent nozzle angles be offset slightly so that the area to be treated receives spray from two nozzles, yet the spray patterns do not collide. Remember, a double or overlapping spray pattern will use twice as much spray per acre as a single spray pattern if pump pressure and sprayer speed remain the same. A double spray pattern is most useful for treating dense or tall vegetation.

Calibration of Air-Blast Sprayers

Accurate calibration is the only way to ensure that a sprayer is applying the intended amount of chemical. The operator must know the amount of water that will be applied per unit of area in order to make a proper spray mix. Failure to calibrate a sprayer can result in crop injury, creation of a hazardous situation, and wasted money. Frequent calibration identifies worn nozzles and keeps the operator aware of factors affecting application rate, such as travel speed, pressure, and type of nozzle in use.

Pre calibration Check

Before calibrating, check the sprayer carefully. Be sure the nozzle tips are clean. Replace all worn or damaged nozzles. Check all hoses and fittings for leaks and aging. Make sure the pressure is constant and the tank is free of dirt and debris.

Determining Sprayer Speed

The rate of travel needed for proper distribution of spray within the canopy can be determined by trial by placing water sensitive spray paper at various locations within the trellis. For proper pesticide application, the air within the canopy must be completely replaced with spray-laden air from the sprayer. In general, a travel speed of 1 to 3 miles per hour has proved satisfactory, depending on the size and density of the canopy, and capacity of the sprayer.

Before a sprayer can be calibrated, the travel speed must be determined in miles per hour (mph). To determine the travel speed, load the sprayer with clear water and make a test run in the vineyard. Always make the test run in the vineyard or on similar ground as tractor speed changes dramatically from soft to firm surfaces. Set the tractor throttle at a level sufficient to operate the sprayer (pto speed) and select an appropriate gear. Remember or mark these settings. Speed can be calculated by measuring the time required to travel any measured distance. A good conversion factor to remember is that 1 mph=88 feet/ min. A convenient test length is 176 feet because it is a multiple (2x) of 88. The following formula can be used to determine travel speed:

Speed (mph) = distance (ft) x 60 time (sec) x 88

For example, if it requires 60 seconds to travel a measured distance of 176 feet, the travel speed is: mph = 176 x 60 10,560 60 x 88 = 5,280 = 2 mph

Determining Nozzle Flow Rate

To select the correct nozzle and whirl plate sizes, the total gallons per minute (gpm) of output for each particular application must be determined.

To determine gpm, it is necessary to know the travel speed of the sprayer (mph), the gallons per acre (gpa) to be applied, and the spacing (W) between the rows of plants. Once these three variables are measured or selected, a simple equation can be used to calculate the gpm. This equation is for one side of the sprayer manifold only. Double the calculated answer if both sides of the sprayer are to be used. Once the nozzle and whirl plate combinations are determined, place the same size nozzles and whirl plates in both sides of the sprayer if both sides are to be used.

Step 1. Calculate the total gpm required per side: gpa x mph x W gpm (per side) = 1,000 gpm = gallons per minute (per side) gpa = gallons per acre mph = speed (in miles per hour ) W = spacing between rows (in feet)

Example: You have decided to apply 70 gpa while traveling 2 mph, and the rows are spaced 10 feet apart.

What is the gpm per side?

70 x 2 x 10 gpm = 1,000 = 1,400 = 1.4 gpm 1,000

Step 2. Select the correct nozzle-whirl plate combination and operating pressure. Air-blast sprayers normally use disk-core-type cone spray tips. The correct size nozzles and whirl plates can be selected by using a table, which indicates the nozzle size and gallons per minute output at various pressures using specific whirl plates. These tables can be found in the sprayer manufacturers literature or in nozzle catalogs.

Nozzles in the sprayer manifold should be arranged so approximately 2/3 of the total ow comes from nozzles in the upper half of the manifold, and 1/3 of the total ow comes from nozzles in the lower half.

Adjust nozzles this way to provide uniform coverage throughout the canopy. It should provide adequate penetration to the top and center of the canopy while avoiding excess application in the lower outside areas.

Step 3. Install the nozzles in their proper outlets. Inspect and clean all nozzles and outlets and determine that the sprayer is operating correctly.

Nozzles are a very important part of the sprayer; if any defects or wear are showing in the nozzles, replace them.

Step 4. Measure the total gpm from all the nozzles selected in Step 2. Fill the sprayer tank at least half full. Prime the sprayer system and check all the nozzles to make sure none are clogged or partially clogged. Record the exact level of water in the spray tank. Bring the sprayer up to the desired pressure and turn the nozzles on. Use a stopwatch to record how long the sprayer is running. The sprayer should be operated for at least three minutes. Record the new level in the tank or measure the amount of water needed to refill the tank to the original level.

Example: The spray tank is filled to the 100-gallon level. It was predetermined from the manufacturers tables that the nozzles selected would give a total gpm output of 4. The sprayer was operated for five minutes at 150 psi on the gauge. After the five minutes, the sight gauge read 75 gals. The actual output was:

100 gals (start) - 75 gals (stop) =25 gal per 5 min=5 gpm

The theoretical output from table information, however, was 4 gpm. When actual output differs from the calculated output, make adjustments by changing the pressure (when the difference is small) or changing the nozzle sizes (when the difference is large). Experiment with the pressure to see if the output can be fine tuned. Refer to manufacturers tables for recommended operating pressures for nozzles. Never operate above or below recommended pressures.

Repeat these calibration procedures whenever changes are made in the speed, gallons per acre, or row spacing. Periodically check the output from the nozzles during the spraying season. Remember, the effectiveness of the spray material is directly dependent on your skill as an operator.

Field test to confirm calculations:

gal. sprayed x 43,560 ft2 gpa (gallons per acre) = distance traveled (ft.)

Example: A field test is run in which 10 rows, each 200 feet long, were sprayed. Row spacing was 10 feet. It took 35 gallons to refill the sprayer to the original level. What was the gpa?

35 gal x 43,560 ft 2 = 76 gpa

2,000 ft x 10 ft

Spray Water pH

Several pesticides break down rapidly in alkaline water. In a matter of hours (or, in extreme instances, only minutes), 50% or more of the active ingredient may be hydrolyzed to yield a less active compound. Captan, Cygon, Imidan, Kelthane, Malathion, and Omite are examples of compounds that are especially vulnerable to alkaline hydrolysis.

Both well and pond water in the Midwest tend to be alkaline (pH above 7.0). To ensure the maximum effectiveness of pesticide applications, check the pH of spray mixes in the spray tank and add buffering agents if necessary to adjust the pH to neutral (7.0). Buffering agents include Buffercide, Buffer-X, Unifilm B, and LI 700 Acidiphactant. Granulated food grade citric acid may be the most convenient and inexpensive acidifying material. Two ounces per 100 gallons has been shown to reduce the pH of tap water from 8.3 to 5.4. Convenient granulated food grade citric acid measures are:

per 100 gal	1/4 cup, slightly rounded
per 300 gal	3/4 cup, rounded
per 500 gal	1 1/3 cups

Granulated food grade citric acid is available in 50 pound bags from suppliers that handle food grade chemicals. Do not try to acidify solutions containing Bordeaux mixture, fixed copper, or other copper compounds.

Spray Adjuvants

Several types of additives are available to improve the effectiveness of spray applications. Known collectively as adjuvants, they include:

Activators increase a pesticides effect by increasing the penetration of a spray solution through leaf hairs or a waxy cuticle and into a leaf or fruit. Acidifiers lower the pH of alkaline spray water to reduce the potential breakdown of certain pesticides in the spray tank.

Buffers change the pH of spray water, then hold it at the desired degree of acidity. De-Foamers, when added to the spray tank, break down or prevent the formation of foam.

Elasticizers or Drift Control Agents reduce the breakup of spray droplets into very fine particles and thereby minimize drift.

Surfactants, Spreaders, and Wetting Agents are different names for products that reduce the surface tension around a spray droplet, allowing it to spread out more evenly on the surface of a leaf or fruit.

CAUTION: Some surfactants used in combination with certain pesticides can function as activators, causing plant injury. Consult labels or chemical suppliers for more information.

Stickers cause a pesticide to stick to the surface after the spray dries, thereby reducing the potential for loss from rain or overhead irrigation.

Spreader-Stickers is a term commonly misused when referring to a surfactant or spreader. A true spreader- sticker combines the characteristics of a surfactant with that of a sticker.

Caution: Do not use an adjuvant with any pesticide without first consulting the specific pesticide label. Improper selection or use can result in crop injury or reduced effectiveness, particularly when adjuvants are mixed with emulsifiable concentrates.

Tips on Using This Spray Guide

This guide lists recommended materials for the common disease and insect pests of grapes and small fruit. These recommendations cover the various options available to growers. Using all listed materials is not recommended. Rather, growers are advised to appropriately use one or more of the various options. Growers should consult a text, such as the Midwest Small Fruit Pest Management Handbook (see inside front cover) to gain a thorough understanding of each pest and appropriate control measures.

This spray guide lists pests, recommended control measures, and comments by growth stage through the growing season. It is important that users understand the material listings and the various uses of the word "or" There are two uses of the word "or" in this text, particularly in regard to fungicides for disease control:

1. "or" is placed below a material when different materials can be used to control the same disease, but only one of the suggested materials should be used. For example, see the recommended materials for control of Black rot, Phomopsis cane and leaf spot, and Downy mildew on page 1.

In this list, the use of "or" means only one of the six recommended materials should be applied at the specified rates.

2. "or" is used in combination with "plus" when options including combinations of materials are suggested. For example, see the list of recommended materials for control of Black rot and Downy mildew at the "Shatter" timing on page 6.

Summary

Pesticide recommendations may seem confusing to the novice because there are so many options for materials to use for certain diseases or insect pests. For this reason, we strongly recommend that growers refer to the Midwest Small Fruit Pest Management Handbook

This means to use one of the two major options:

a. The combination of either Captan, phosphorus acid, or Alliette plus either Ferbam, mancozeb, or Ziram. For example: use Captan plus Ferbam, phosphorus acid plus mancozeb, Alliette plus Ferbam, etc., in any combination of one product from the top list plus one product from the lower list.

OR

b. Either Abound, Sovran, Pristine or Adament alone.

The reasoning behind this recommendation is that (in this example) Captan, phosphorous acid and Alliette are all good against downy mildew, but weak against black rot, and since both diseases are a risk during the shatter stage of development, another product with good activity against black rot (such as Ferbam,Mancozeb or Ziram) should be tank mixed with one of the other products to control both diseases. The "or" designates that another option is to use one of the strobilurin fungicides (Abound, Sovran, Pristine, or Adament) alone because those products are effective against both downy mildew and black rot. (see front inside cover) to develop a thorough understanding of pest management. With fungicides in particular, a single material may control one or more diseases, but not all. So, when several diseases are a threat, a combination of materials may be required for control. Additionally, insect pests may be a problem at the same time, so insecticides may be needed. In most cases, multiple fungicides and insecticides can be tank mixed together and applied at one time. In most cases there are no problems mixing materials, however, certain materials are incompatible with each other.

Refer to the comments sections in this guide, and the pesticide label for recommendations. Most problems are associated with using copper or sulfur fungicides in combination with, or relatively soon after applications of oils. These instances are fairly rare. Problems may occur when tank mixing products of different formulations, such as emulsifiable concentrates and wettable powders. Most pesticide labels give instructions on loading, tank mixes, etc., and we recommend that growers follow the label directions closely to avoid problems.

Certain fungicides and insecticides may be phytotoxic (cause foliar damage) to certain crops and/or varieties. For example, many grape varieties are sensitive to sulfur or copper. Table 4 on page 23 lists variety sensitivity to these materials. Additionally, some grape varieties are sensitive to endosulfan insecticide and certain stobilurin fungicides, and some strawberry varieties are sensitive to Sinbar herbicide. Always read the comments associated with the materials in this guide.

Pesticide choices can be limited by variety, disease or insect pressure and other factors. Grower preference, experience with materials, and price often influence decisions as well. Pest management in small fruit crops is relatively easy so long as the grower understands the pests, critical periods for control, proper selection of control materials, and proper application procedures.

Always read the entire pesticide label. If you have any questions about the proper use of a pesticide, refer to other sources, such as the Midwest Small Fruit Pest Management Handbook. If you still have questions, contact the manufacturer or your state

Extension specialist for clarification.

Grape Spray Schedule: Dormant, Apply before buds swell.

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Anthracnose	Fungicide Resistance Alert: See note on page 20 on fungicide resistance development in powdery and downy mildew.
	Lime sulfur solution	10 gal	This dormant application is aimed at reducing over wintering insulin on canes. See page 18 for more information on anthracnose.

Bud Swell Apply just before buds show green.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
European red mite and/or scale insects	Superior oil (70-sec.)	4 gal
Flea beetle adults, Climbing cutworm	Scout at least weekly as bud swell occurs.
Sevin XLR (4EC)	2 qt	Other formulations may be available.
Danitol 2.4EC	5.3-21.3 fl oz	Use lower rate for flea beetle, higher rate for cutworms.
Baythroid 2E or XL	2.4-3.2 fl oz
Renounce 20WP	3-4 oz

Bud Break to Bloom Begin applications after half inch new shoot growth; repeat at 7-10 day intervals or according to label instructions and environmental conditions for disease development.

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Black rot, Phomopsiscane and leaf spot,Downy mildew	Mancozeb 75DF or	3-4 lb	Early sprays for black rot are especially critical where this disease has been a problem in previous years. Mancozeb is sold under the trade names Dithane M-45, Manzate 200, and Penncozeb. If black rot is a problem in the vineyard, Mancozeb would be the fungicide of choice. Captan is less effective than Mancozeb for black rot control. See Table 1, page 21.
Captan 50WP or	3-4 lb	Captan has a 3-day re-entry interval limitation on grapes for the 80WDG formulation. Captan is also available as a 50WP and Captec 4L formulation. These formulations may also have the reduced reentry interval on the label by the 2008 growing season. All older Captan products will still have the 4-day re-entry label. Always check the label. Captan is weak for black rot control.
Ziram 76DF or	3-4 lb
Abound 2.08F or	11-15.4 fl oz	See notes on Abound, Sovran, and Pristine, pages 1819.
Sovran 50WG or	3.2-6.4 oz
Pristine 38WG	6-10.5 oz	Do not apply Pristine to Concord or other American type grapes as injury may occur.

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Flea beetle,Climbing cutworm	Same as for bud swell spray.
	Fungicide Resistance Alert: See note on page 20 on fungicide resistance development in powdery and downy mildew.
	Nova 40WP or	3-5 oz			On varieties highly susceptible to powdery mildew, a fungicide for powdery mildew control should be included in these early sprays. Primary infections of powdery mildew can occur during this period. See important note on powdery mildew fungicide resistance, page 20.
	Rubigan 1EC or	3 fl oz			Refer to Rubigan label for further information on recommended rates. Fenarimol is the active ingredient in Rubigan EC. Vintage SC is a different formulation of Fenarimol and is very similar to Rubigan EC. Vintage SC is registered for use on grapes and has less smell (odor) than Rubigan EC.
	Procure 50WS or	4-8 oz
	Elite 45DF or	4 oz
Powdery mildew	Abound 2.08F or	11-15.4 fl oz			See notes on Abound, Flint, Sovran and Pristine, pages 18-19.
	Sovran 50WG or	3.2-6.4 oz
	Flint 50WG plus	1.5-4.0 oz
	Sulfur or	See comments.			Use sulfur with caution. See note on page 18.Do not use Captan or sulfur within 2 weeks of applying JMS Stylet Oil, or stylet oil within 2 weeks of a Captan or sulfur application. Mixing Captan or sulfur with oil can result in severe vine damage.
	JMS Stylet Oil or	1-2% conc.
	Quintec 2.08F or	3-4 fl oz
	Endura 70WG or	4.5 oz
	Potassium salts OR	See comments.			See note on potassium salts, page 20.
	Pristine 38WG or	6-10.5 oz			See notes on Abound, Flint, Sovran and Pristine, pages 18-19.
	Adament 50WG	4-7.2 oz			Do not apply on Concord grapes. See notes on page19.
	Fungicide Resistance Alert: See note on page 20 on fungicide resistance development in powdery and downy mildew.
Downy mildew	Ridomil Gold MZ or		2.5 lb		See comments on the use of Ridomil for downy mildew control, pages 17-18.
	Ridomil Gold Copper or		2 lb
	Phosphorous acid or		See comments.		See comments on use of phosphorous acid for downy mildew control, page 18.

Grape (continued)

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
	Aliette 80WDG or	3-5 lb
	Mancozeb 75DF or	3-4 lb
	Captan 50WP or	3-4 lb
Downy mildew (continued)	Ziram 76DF or	3-4 lb
	Abound 2.08F or	11-15.4 fl oz	See comments on Abound, Sovran, and Pristine, pages 18-19. Do not apply Pristine on Concord or other American type grapes as injury may occur.
	Sovran 50WG or	3.2-6.4 oz
	Pristine 38WG or	6-10.5 oz
	Fixed Copper	See comments.	See comments on copper use, page 19-20.
	Mancozeb 75DF plus	3 lb
	Sulfur OR	See comments.	Use sulfur with caution. See note on sulfur, page 19.
	JMS Stylet Oil or	1-2% conc.	Do not use Captan or sulfur within 2 weeks of applying JMS Stylet Oil, or stylet oil within 2 weeks of a Captan or sulfur application. Mixing Captan or sulfur with oil can result in severe vine damage.
	Bayleton 50WP or	2-6 oz	Bayleton is not recommended for control of powdery mildew because of reduced efficacy. It is still effective against black rot.
	Nova 40WP or	3-5 oz
	Rubigan 1EC or	3 fl oz
Black rot,Phomopsiscane and leaf spot,Powdery mildew,Downy mildew	Procure 50WS or	4-8 oz
	Elite 45DF or	4 oz
	Endura 70WG or	4.5 oz
	Quintec 2.08F or	3-4 fl oz
	Potassium salts plus	See comments.	See note on potassium salts, page 20.
	Mancozeb 75DF or	3 lb
	Captan 50WP or	3 lb
	Ziram 76DF OR	3-4 lb
	Abound 2.08F or	11-15.4 fl oz	See note on Abound, Sovran, Flint, and Pristine, pages 18-19.
	Sovran 50WG or	3.2-6.4 oz
	Flint 50WG plus	1.5-4.0 oz	Do not apply Flint or Pristine to Concord or other American type grapes as injury may occur. Flint is not recommended for downy mildew control.
	Sulfur or	See comments.	Use sulfur with caution. See note on sulfur, page 18.

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Black rot,Phomopsiscane and leaf spot,Powdery mildew,Downy mildew (continued)	Endura 70WG or	4.5 oz
	Quintec 2.08F or	3-4 fl oz
	Potassium salts OR	See comments.	See note on potassium salts, page 20.
	Pristine 38WG	6-10.5 oz	Do not apply Flint or Pristine to Concord or other American type grapes as injury may occur.

Note on Critical Period for Disease Control

The period from immediate pre bloom to three or four weeks after bloom is the most critical period to control fruit

infections by black rot, powdery mildew, and downy mildew. Fungicide protection during this period is critical. Research in New York has shown that the fruit of most varieties is resistant to all three of these diseases by four weeks after bloom. Beyond four weeks after bloom, black rot should no longer be a problem. Although fruit becomes resistant to powdery and downy mildews, the cluster stems (rachis) and leaves remain susceptible. Therefore, fungicide protection against powdery and downy mildews may be required throughout the growing season.

Ten-inch Shoots Apply when new shoots are about 10 inches long.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Flea beetle larvae	Same as for bud swell spray.		Flea beetle larvae may be present any time between 4-and 10-inch shoot growth and bloom.
Redbanded leafroller,Rose chafer	Redbanded leafroller and rose chafer may be present any time between 4- and 10-inch shoot growth and bloom.
	Danitol 2.4EC	10.7 fl oz
	Sevin XLR(4EC)	2 qt	Other formulations may be available.
	Intrepid 2F	10-16 fl oz	Redbanded leafroller only.
	SpinTor 2SC	4-8 fl oz
	Entrust 80WP	1.25-2.5 oz
	Assail 30SG	2.5 oz	Rose chafer only.
European redmite	Kelthane 50WP	2.5 lb
	Nexter 75WP	4.4-5.2 oz (1-1.5bags)
	Fujimite 5EC	2 pt
	Envidor 2SC	16-18 fl oz

Pre-Bloom
Apply just before bloom.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Flea beetle
larvae,Rose chafer, Redbanded leafroller*,Grape berrymoth*	Same as for 10inch shoot spray (if needed).		*Pheromone traps for grape berry moth and redbanded leafroller will indicate if they are present and help determine the need for control.
Grape scale	Malathion 8F	2-2.5 pt	Not a common pest in most of the Midwest. In southern areas (such as Arkansas), flag scale-infested vines during dormant pruning. In early May begin weekly inspections of flagged vines for scale crawlers. Lift live adult scale covers and look for yellow moving crawlers (use a hand lens with 10xmagnification). Protect canes by applying sprays every 10 days as long as you see moving crawlers(2-3 week crawler emergence period).

Bloom Apply when caps begin to fall.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Black rot,Phomopsiscane and leaf spot	Same as bud break to bloom, see page 1.		If wet weather persists during bloom or if the interval between the pre-bloom and shatter spray is greater than 7-10 days, a fungicide application during bloom may be necessary.
Downy mildew	Same as bud break to bloom, see page 1.
Powdery mildew	Same as bud break to bloom, see page 2.
Grapephylloxera(leaf form)	Control the root gall form of grape phylloxera by using rootstocks derived from American grapes. Native American grapes (Eastern U.S.) are nearly immune to this pest.
	Endosulfan 50WP	2 lb	Apply at bloom and repeat 10-14 days later. Endosulfan can severely injure Concord, Baco Noir, Chancellor, Colobel, Cascade, Cynthiana/Norton, Chambourcin, and other cultivars. Refer to product label. EC formulations are more likely to cause phytotoxicity than WP formulations. Since bees do not pollinate grapes there is no danger to bees at this time unless they are working on other blooming plants in the area being sprayed. Mow before spraying to eliminate blooms on weeds.
	Endosulfan 3EC	1.33 qt
	Danitol 2.4EC	10.7 fl oz
	Assail 30SG	2.5 oz
	Admire Pro	7-14 fl oz
Grape scale	Same as Pre-Bloom,see page 4.
Botrytis bunchrot	This spray is critical in vineyards or on varieties (especially French hybrids or Vinifera) where Botrytis bunch rot has been a problem. See note on Botrytis bunch rot control on page 17.
	Topsin M WSB or	1-1.5 lb	Apply Topsin M at 1-1.5 lb/A at first bloom (no later than 5% bloom), and repeat 14 days later if severe disease conditions persist. Topsin M is also available in 70WDG and 4.5 FL formulations.
	Rovral 50WP or	1.5-2 lb	Rovral may be applied at 1.5-2.0 lb/A four times: 1. Early to mid bloom; 2. Prior to bunch closing; 3.Beginning of fruit ripening; 4. Prior to harvest if needed. Do not make more than 4 applications of Rovral per season. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest.
	Vangard 75WG or	10 oz	Vangard is registered for use at 10 oz/A when used alone, or at 5-10 oz/A when used in a tank mix. Timing of application is approximately the same as for Rovral. No more than 20 oz of Vangard may be applied per acre per crop season. Vangard cannot be applied within 7 days of harvest.
	Elevate 50WG or	1 lb	Elevate may be applied at 1 lb/A and the timing of application is approximately the same as Rovral and Vangard. No more than 3 lb of Elevate may be applied per acre per season. Elevate can be applied up to, and including, the day of harvest (0-day PHI).
	Scala 5SC	18 fl oz	Scala is registered for use at 18 fl oz alone, or at 9 fl oz when used in a tank mix. Timing of application is approximately the same as for Rovral.

Shatter Apply when unfertilized berries fall from clusters, about 7-10 days after bloom or 7-10 days after last spray.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Black rot,Downy mildew	Captan 50WP or	3-4 lb
	Phosphorous acid or	See comments.	See note on phosphorous acid on page 18.
	Aliette 80WDG plus	3-5 lb
	Ferbam 76WP or	3 lb	No more than 3 applications of Ferman may be made per season on grapes. See label for additional information.
	Mancozeb 75DF or	4 lb
	Ziram 76DF OR	3-4 lb
	Abound 2.08F or	11-15.4 fl oz	See notes on Abound, Sovran, and Pristine on pages 18-19.
	Sovran 50WG or	3.2-6.4 oz
	Pristine 38WG or	6-10.5 oz
	Adament 50WG	4-7.2 oz	Adament is excellent for control of powdery mildew and black rot, but is weak on downy mildew. Do not apply to Concord grapes. See comments on page 19.
Black rot,Downy mildew,Powdery mildew	If Nova, Rubigan, Procure, Abound, Sovran, Flint, or sulfur is not being used and powdery mildew starts to develop, incorporate one of these fungicides into the spray program.
	Bayleton 50WP or	2-6 oz	A maximum of 18 oz of Bayleton may be applied per acre per season. Bayleton is not recommended for control of powdery mildew.
	Nova 40WP or	3-5 oz	A maximum of 24 oz of Nova may be applied per acre per season.
	Rubigan 1EC or	4-5 fl oz
	Procure 50WS or	4-8 oz
	Elite 45DF or	4 oz
	Endura 70WG or	4.5 oz
	Sulfur or	See comments.	Use sulfur with caution. See note on page 18.
	JMS Stylet Oilplus	1-2% conc.	Do not use Captan or sulfur within 2 weeks of astylet oil application, or stylet oil within 2 weeks of a Captan or sulfur application. Mixing Captan or sulfur with oil can result in severe damage to the vine. Stylet oil should not be used on table grapes, because it removes the bloom or waxy coating and affects the appearance of the berry.
	Mancozeb 75DF or	4 lb
	Ziram 76DF or	3-4 lb

Grape (continued)

Shatter (continued)

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
	Captan 50WP or	3-4 lb
	Phosphorous acid or	See comments.	See note on phosphorous acid, page 18.
	Aliette 80WDG OR	3-5 lb
	Abound 2.08F	11-15.4 fl
	or	oz	See note on Abound, Flint, Sovran, and Pristine, pages 18-19.
	Sovran 50WG or	3.2-6.4 oz
Black rot,Downy mildew,Powdery mildew (continued)	Flint 50WG plus	1.5-4.0 oz	Do not apply Flint or Pristine to Concord or other American type grapes as injury may occur. Flint is not recommended for downy mildew control.
	Sulfur or	See comments.	Use sulfur with caution. See note on page 18.
	JMS Stylet Oil or	1-2%	Do not use Captan or sulfur within 2 weeks of astylet oil application, or stylet oil within 2 weeks of a Captan or sulfur application. Mixing Captan or sulfur with oil can result in severe damage to the vine. Stylet oil should not be used on table grapes, because it removes the bloom or waxy coating and affects appearance of the berry.
	Quintec 2.08F or	3-4 fl oz
	Endura 70WG or	4.5 oz
	Potassium salts OR	See comments.	See note on potassium salts, page 20.
	Pristine 38WG	6-10.5 oz	Do not apply Flint or Pristine to Concord or other American type grapes as injury may occur. Flint is not recommended for downy mildew control.
	Pheromone traps offer help in determining presence and timing of grape berry moth. Berry moth emergence begins in late May and June; there may be three generations per year. Occasional problems from grape rootworm (adult beetles) are also controlled by Sevin,Imidan, Danitol, Baythroid, Renounce, Capture, Brigade, Lannate, or Diazinon applied for berry moth control.
	Sevin XLR (4EC)	2 qt	Other formulations may be available.
	Sevin 4F	2 qt
	Imidan 70WP	1.3-2.1 lb
	Danitol 2.4EC	10.7 oz
	Baythroid 2E or XL	2.4-3.2 fl oz
Grape berrymoth	Renounce 20WP	3-4 oz
	Capture 2EC	3.2-6.4 fl oz
	Brigade 2EC	3.2-6.4 fl oz
	Brigade 10WP (WSB)	8-16 oz
	Lannate SP	0.5-1 lb
	Lannate LV	1.5-3 pt
	Diazinon AG500 (4EC)	1-2 pt
	Clutch 50WDG	3 oz
	Avaunt 30WG	5-6 oz
	Intrepid 2F	4-8 fl oz	Apply Intrepid at initiation of egg hatch and 10-18days later.

Grape (continued)

Shatter (continued)

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
	SpinTor 2SC	4-8 fl oz	Do not apply more than 3 sprays of SpinTor or Entrust in any 30-day period. Limit 23.2 oz SpinTor or 7.5 oz Entrust per season. See Table 9, page 46 for restrictions on Entrust usage.
	Entrust 80WP	1.25-2.5 oz
Grape berrymoth (continued)	Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)		See Table 10 on page 47 for a list of products that contain Bacillus thuringiensis. See individual product labels for rates and application details.
	Isomate GBM	400 ties	Isomate-GBM and 3M Sprayable Pheromone are mating disruption products to control only grapeberry moth. See comments on mating disruption on page 17. This strategy should be considered only for vineyards at least 5 acres in size.
	3M Sprayable Pheromone	2 fl oz
	Examining the undersides of grape leaves will indicate if leafhoppers are present.
	Provado Solupak75WP	0.8-1.0 oz
	Provado 1.6F	3-4 fl oz
	Admire Pro	7-14 fl oz
	Actara 25WG	1.5-3 oz
	Platinum 2SC	8-17 fl oz
	Clutch 50WDG	1-3 oz
	Assail 30SG	2.5 oz
	Venom 20SG	0.44-0.66 lb
	Sevin XLR (4 EC)	1-2 qt	Other formulations may be available.
	Danitol 2.4EC	5.3 fl oz
	Capture 2 EC	3.2-6.4 fl oz
Leafhoppers including Sharpshooters	Brigade 2EC	3.2-6.4 fl oz
	Brigade 10WP (WSB)	8-16 oz
	Baythroid 2E or XL	2.4-3.2 fl oz
	Renounce 20WP	2-4 oz
	Mustang Max 0.8EC	4 oz
		5.2-10.67
	Nexter 75WP	oz (1.5-3bags)
	Applaud 70WP	9-12 oz	Applaud kills nymphs, not adults.
	Imidan 70WP	1.3-2.1 lb
	Lannate SP	8-16 fl oz
	Lannate LV	1.5-3 pt
	Diazinon AG500 (4 EC)	1-2 pt
	Surround 95WP	12.5-50 lb	Surround may leave residues on grapes at harvest. Repeat applications might be necessary.
	Pyganic 1.4%EC	16-64 fl oz
	Pyganic 5%EC	4.5-18 fl oz
	Fujimite 5EC	1-2 pt

Grape (continued)

Shatter (continued)

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
	Sevin XLR (4 EC)	1-2 qt	Other formulations may be available.
	Imidan 70WP	1.3-2.1 lb
	Danitol 2.4EC	10.7 fl oz
	Capture 2EC	3.2-6.4 fl oz	Japanese beetle only.
Rose chafer, Japanese beetle	Brigade 2EC	3.2-6.4 fl oz	Japanese beetle only.
	Brigade 10WP (WSB)	8-16 oz	Japanese beetle only.
	Surround 95WP	12.5-50 lb	Surround may leave residues on grapes.
	Assail 30SG	2.5 oz
	Clutch 50WDG	3 oz	Japanese beetle only.
	Actara 25 WDG	1.5-3 oz	Japanese beetle only.
	Platinum 2SC	8-17 fl oz	Japanese beetle only.
	Avaunt 30 WG	5-6 oz	Japanese beetle only.
	Pyganic 1.4%EC	16-64 oz
	Pyganic 5%EC	5-18 fl oz
	Although adult moths are commonly caught in traps, the larvae of this pest are not common in grapes in the Midwest.
	Sevin XLR (4 EC)	2 qt	Other formulations may be available.
	Imidan 70WP	1.3-2.1 lb
Redbanded leafroller
	Danitol 2.4EC	10.7 fl oz
	Intrepid 2F	4-8 fl oz	Intrepid should target small larvae.
	SpinTor 2SC	4-8 fl oz
	Entrust 80WP	1.25-2.5 oz
	Surround 95WP	12.5-50 lb	Surround may leave residues on grapes at harvest.
	This pest is not common in the Midwest.
	Imidan 70WP	1.3-2.1 lb
	Provado Solupak75WP	0.8-1.0 oz
	Provado 1.6F	3-4 fl oz
	Admire Pro	7-14 fl oz
	Actara 25WG	1.5-3 oz
Grapemealybug	Platinum 2SC	8-17 fl oz
	Assail 30SG	2.5 oz
	Clutch 50WDG	2-3 oz
	Venom 20SG	0.44-0.66 oz
	Venom 70SG	1-3 oz
	Applaud 70WP	9-12 oz
	Baythroid 2E or XL	2.4-3.2 fl oz	Crawlers only.
	Renounce 20 WP	3-4 oz	Crawlers only.
	Fujimite 5EC	2 pt
	Nexter 75WP	4.4-10.67 oz (1-3bags)	Nexter controls European red mite at 4.4-5.2 oz/A,and two spotted spider mite at 8.8-10.67 oz/A.
Mites	Acramite 50WS	0.75-1.0 lb
	Agri-Mek 0.15EC	8-16 fl oz	With Agri-Mek, add a nonionic surfactant.
	Fujimite 5EC	2 pt
	Kelthane 50WP	2.5 lb
	Envidor 2SC	16-18 fl oz
	Zeal WP	2-3 oz

First Cover to Veraison (Berry coloring)First cover applications should follow shatter by 7-10 days. Thereafter, sprays for disease control should be applied every 10-14 days until veraison. If heavy rainfall occurs, the interval between sprays may need to be shortened. Refer to label for application timing and harvest restrictions.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Black rot,Downy mildew, Powdery mildew	Bayleton 50WP or	2-6 oz
	Nova 40WP or	3-5 oz
	Rubigan 1EC or	4-5 fl oz
	Procure 50WS or	4-8 oz
	Elite 45DF or	4 oz
	Sulfur or	See comments.	Use sulfur with caution. See note on page 18.
	JMS Stylet Oil or	1-2% conc.	Do not use Captan or sulfur within 2 weeks of astylet oil application, or stylet oil within 2 weeks of a Captan or sulfur application. Mixing Captan or sulfur with oil can result in severe damage to the vine.
	Quintec 2.08F or	3 4 fl oz
	Potassium salts plus	See comments.	See note on potassium salts, page 20.
	Mancozeb 75DF or	4 lb	Mancozeb cannot be applied within 66 days of harvest.
	Captan 50WPOR	3-4 lb
	Abound 2.08F or	11-15.4 fl oz	See note on Abound, Sovran, Pristine, and Flint, pages 18-19.Flint is not recommended for control of downy mildew.
	Sovran 50WG or	3.2-6.4 oz
	Flint 50WG plus	1.5-4.0 oz
	Sulfur or	See comments.	Use sulfur with caution. See note on page 18.
	JMS Stylet Oil or	1-2% conc.	Do not use Captan or sulfur within 2 weeks of astylet oil application, or stylet oil within 2 weeks of a Captan or sulfur application. Mixing Captan or sulfur with oil can result in severe damage to the vine.
	Quintec 2.08F or	3 4 fl oz
	Endura 70WG or	4.5 oz
	Potassium salts OR	See comments.	See note on potassium salts, page 20.
	Pristine 38WG	6-10.5 oz	Do not apply Flint or Pristine to Concord or other American type grapes as injury may occur.

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre			Comments
	Research in New York has shown that berries of most varieties are resistant to black rot
	infection by 4 weeks after bloom. Sprays for black rot should not be needed after this period.
	Captan 50WP or		3-4 lb
	Phosphorous acid or		See comments.	See note on phosphorous acid, page 18.
	Aliette 80WDG		3-5 lb
Black rot,Downy mildew	plus
	Ferbam 76WP OR		3 lb	No more than 3 applications of Ferbam may be made per season on grapes.
	Mancozeb 75DF OR		4 lb	Mancozeb cannot be applied within 66 days of harvest.
	Abound 2.08F		11-15.4 fl
	OR		oz	See notes on Abound, Sovran, and Pristine, pages 18-19.
	Sovran 50WG OR		3.2-6.4 oz
	Pristine 38WG		6-10.5 oz
	Fungicide Resistance Alert: See note on page 20 on fungicide resistance development inpowdery and downy mildew.
	Captan 50WP or		3-4 lb
	Ziram 76DF or		3-4 lb
	Phosphorous acid or		See comments.	See note on phosphorous acid, page 18.
	Aliette 80WDG or		3-5 lb
	Abound 2.08F plus		11-15.4 fl oz	See note on Abound, Sovran, and Pristine, pages 18-19.
	Sulfur		See
	or		comments.
Downy mildew,Powdery mildew	JMS Stylet Oil or		1-2%	Do not use Captan or sulfur within 2 weeks of astylet oil application, or stylet oil within 2 weeks of a Captan or sulfur application. Mixing Captan or sulfur with oil can result in severe damage to the vine.
	Quintec 2.08F or		3-4 fl oz
	Endura 70WG or		4.5 oz
	Potassium salts or		See comments.	See note on potassium salts, page 20.
	Pristine 38WG or		6-10.5 oz	Do not apply Flint or Pristine to Concord or other American type grapes as injury may occur.
	Fixed copper		See comments.	Fixed copper fungicides provide excellent control of downy mildew, but only moderate to slight control of black rot and powdery mildew. There are many fixed copper fungicides labeled for use on grapes. The use of copper may result in damage to leaves and fruit, especially under cool temperatures and slow drying conditions. Some varieties are more sensitive to copper damage than others. See Table 4. Do not tank mix Nova, Bayleton, or Rubigan with copper fungicides. Read all product labels.

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
	Fungicide Resistance Alert: See note on page 20 on fungicide resistance development inpowdery and downy mildew.
	Ridomil Gold MZ or	2.5 lb	Do not apply Ridomil Gold Copper within 42 days of harvest, or Ridomil Gold MZ within 66 days of harvest. Other restrictions apply. Read the label for more information.
	Ridomil Gold Copper or	2 lb
	Phosphorous acid or	See comments.	See notes on phosphorous acid, page 18.
	Aliette 80WDG or	3-5 lb
	Mancozeb 75DF or	3-4 lb	Mancozeb cannot be applied within 66 days of harvest.
	Captan 50WP or	3-4 lb
Downy mildew	Ziram 76DF or	3-4 lb
	Abound 2.08F or	11-15.4 fl oz	See note on Abound, Sovran, and Pristine, pages 18-19.
	Sovran 50WG or	3.2-6.4 oz
	Pristine 38WG or	6-10.5 oz
	Fixed copper	See comments.	Fixed copper fungicides provide excellent control of downy mildew, but only moderate to slight control of black rot and powdery mildew. There are many fixed copper fungicides labeled for use on grapes. The use of copper may result in damage to leaves and fruit, especially under cool temperatures and slow drying conditions. Some varieties are more sensitive to copper damage than others. See Table 4 on page 23. Do not tank mix Nova, Bayleton, or Rubigan with copper fungicides. Read the label.
	On varieties that are highly susceptible to powdery mildew, a fungicide for powdery mildew control should be included in these early sprays. Primary infections of powdery mildew can occur during this period. Fungicide Resistance Alert: See note on page 20 on fungicide resistance development inpowdery and downy mildew.
	Nova 40WP or	3-5 oz
	Rubigan 1EC or	3 fl oz	Refer to Rubigan label for further information on recommended rates.
Powdery mildew	Procure 50WS or	4-8 oz
	Elite 45DF or	4 oz
	Abound 2.08F or	11-15.4 fl oz	See notes on Abound, Flint, Sovran, and Pristine, pages 18-19.Do not apply Flint or Pristine to Concord or other American type grapes as injury may occur.
	Sovran 50WG or	3.2-6.4 oz
	Flint 50WG plus	1.5-4.0 oz
	Sulfur or	See comments.	Use sulfur with caution. See note, page 18.

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
	JMS Stylet Oil or	1-2% conc.	Do not use Captan or sulfur within 2 weeks of astylet oil application, or stylet oil within 2 weeks of a Captan or sulfur application. Mixing Captan or sulfur with oil can result in severe damage to the vine.
Powdery mildew (continued)	Quintec 2.08F or	3-4 fl oz
	Endura 70WG or	4.5 oz
	Potassium salts OR	See comments.	See note on potassium salts, page 20.
	Pristine 38WG	6-10.5 oz	See notes on Abound, Flint, Sovran, and Pristine, pages 18-19. Do not apply Flint or Pristine to Concord or other American type grapes as injury may occur.
Grapeberry moth,Leafhoppers,Rose chafer, Graperootworm (adults),Redbanded leafroller, Grapemealybug	Same as for shatter.		Infestations by rose chafer are usually finished by this time of the season.
	The adult beetles usually begin emerging in late June (in central Midwest) and are abundant during July and August.
	Sevin XLR (4 EC)	1-2 qt	Do not use Sevin with copper-lime. Other formulations may be available.
	Imidan 70WP	1.3-2.1 lb
	Danitol 2.4EC	0.7 fl oz
	Capture 2EC	3.2-6.4 oz
Japanese beetle	Brigade 2EC	3.2-6.4 oz
	Brigade 10WP (WSB)	8-16 oz
	Assail 30SG	2.5 oz
	Actara 25WG	1.5-3 oz
	Patinum 2SC	8-17 fl oz
	Avaunt 30WG	5-6 oz
	Neemix 4.5	7-16 fl oz	Neem acts as a repellent.
	Aza-Direct	1-2 pt
	Pyganic 1.4% EC	16-64 fl oz
	Pyganic 5% EC	4.5-18 fl oz
Mites	Same as for shatter.

Veraison to Harvest
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Botrytis bunchrot	Same as bloom.		See comments under Bloom relative to use of Topsin M, Rovral, Vangard, and Elevate on page 5 and comments on Botrytis bunch rot control, page 17.
Powdery mildew	On varieties that are highly susceptible to powdery mildew, a fungicide for powdery mildew control should be included in these early sprays. Primary infections of powdery mildew can occur during this period. Fungicide Resistance Alert:powdery and downy mildew. See note on page 20 on fungicide resistance development in
	Nova 40WP or	3-5 oz
	Rubigan 1EC or	3 fl oz	Refer to Rubigan label for further information on recommended rates.
	Procure 50WS or	4-8 oz
	Elite 45DF or	4 oz
	Abound 2.08F or	11-15.4 fl oz	See notes on Abound, Flint, Sovran, and Pristine, pages 18-19.Do not apply Flint or Pristine to Concord or other American type grapes as injury may occur.
	Sovran 50WG or	3.2-6.4 oz
	Flint 50WG plus	1.5-4.0 oz
	Sulfur or	See comments.	Use sulfur with caution. See note, page 18.
	JMS Stylet Oil or	1-2% conc.	Do not use Captan or sulfur within 2 weeks of astylet oil application, or stylet oil within 2 weeks of a Captan or sulfur application. Mixing Captan or sulfur with oil can result in severe damage to the vine.
	Quintec 2.08F or	3-4 fl oz
	Endura 70WG or	4.5 oz
	Potassium salts OR	See comments.	See note on potassium salts, page 20.
	Pristine 38WG	6-10.5 oz	See notes on Abound, Flint, Sovran, and Pristine, pages 18-19.Do not apply Flint or Pristine to Concord or other American type grapes as injury may occur.
Downy mildew	If downy mildew is a problem and wet weather persists at this time, a fungicide for downy mildew control may be required. Consult the label for days from last application to harvest. Fungicide Resistance Alert: powdery and downy mildew. See note on page 20 on fungicide resistance development in
	Captan 50WPor	3-4 lb
	Ziram 76DF or	3-4 lb
	Phosphorous acid or	See comments (see label).	See note on phosphorous acid, page 18.
	Aliette 80WDG or	3-5 lb
	Abound 2.08F or	11-15.4 fl oz	See notes on Abound and Pristine, pages 18-19.
	Pristine 38WG or	6-10.5 oz
	Fixed copper	See comments.	See comments on the use of copper fungicides, pages19-20.

Grape (continued)

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Downy mildew, Powdery mildew	Captan 50WPor	3-4 lb
	Ziram 76DF or	3-4 lb
	Phosphorous acid or	See comments.	See note on phosphorous acid, page 18.
	Aliette 80WDG or	3-5 lb
	Abound 2.08F plus	11-15.4 fl oz	See notes on Abound, Sovran, and Pristine, pages 1819.
	Sulfur or	See comments.	Do not use Captan or sulfur within 2 weeks of astylet oil application, or stylet oil within 2 weeks of a Captan or sulfur application. Mixing Captan or sulfur with oil can result in severe damage to the vine.
	JMS Stylet Oiler	1-2%
	Quintec 2.08F or	3-4 fl oz
	Endura 70WG or	4.5 oz
	Potassium salts OR	See comments.	See note on potassium salts, page 20.
	Pristine 38WGOR	6-10.5 oz	Do not apply Flint or Pristine to Concord or other American type grapes as injury may occur.
	Fixed copper	See comments.	See comments on the use of copper fungicides, pages19-20.
Black rot	As berries reach full size and sugar content starts to increase, they become resistant to infection by the black rot fungus. Research in New York has demonstrated that berries of most varieties become resistant to black rot infection by 3-4 weeks after bloom. Sprays for blackrot should not be needed at this time.
Grape berrymoth,Grape leafhopper, Graperootworm,Japanese beetle,Redbanded leafroller	Same as first cover to veraison.		Continue to monitor for insect and mite pests, and apply insecticide as needed. Refer to product label for specific insects, rates, and harvest restrictions.
Green June Beetle	Sevin XLR (4 EC)	2 qt	In southern Midwest, apply in July when first beetles enter the vineyard. Repeat sprays as needed (weekly).Other formulations may be available. Several insecticides listed for Japanese beetle control on page 13 including Imidan, Danitol, Capture, and Brigade also provide at least some control of green June beetle.
Multicolored Asian lady beetle	Venom 70SG	1-3 oz	Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia only. See note on page 16.
Grape root borer	See control details, pages 16-17.
Mites	Same as shatter.
RESIDUE REMINDER: Wettable powder formulations may leave visible residues on fruit at harvest.

Post Harvest
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Downy mildew,Powdery mildew	Same as earlier sprays. Check label for specifics.		In some years these diseases may cause defoliation well before the onset of cool weather in the fall. Post-harvest early defoliation predisposes the vines to winter injury and reduces productivity for the following season. Thus, it is important to maintain at least some protection against foliar infections by these fungi. Post-harvest rates for fungicides should be the same as pre-harvest rates. Check the label for season limits on quantity of product.

Special Comments on Grape Schedule

Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle

Within the past few years, the multicolored Asian lady beetle has become problematic in several vineyards (and wineries) across the Midwest. The multicolored Asian lady beetle (MALB), a late-season inhabitant of vineyards, can significantly impair wine quality.

In vineyards, the lady beetles are attracted to the ripening grapes as a late-season source of sugars. They may congregate, often by the hundreds or thousands, in and among grape clusters during late August and September. Although the beetles may become primary pests of grapes (i.e., cause direct yield loss), they can have a devastating effect on wine quality when sufficient numbers become trapped in the harvested grapes, which then are crushed along with the grapes at the winery. The beetles excrete an orange-colored defense chemical when agitated or stressed. This chemical causes the wine to smell dirty (a musty, damp basement odor) that masks all varietal characteristics. Preliminary data from Ohio indicate that wine made from grapes that contained as few as two beetles per lug of harvested grapes is negatively noticeable to wine connoisseurs, and at least half of wine drinkers will notice a diminished flavor from wine made with grapes that contained 24 beetles per harvest lug.

The problem of excessive numbers of beetles in vineyards at harvest time appears to occur predominately in late ripening varieties such as Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chambourcin, Riesling, Vidal, and Vignoles, but earlier ripening grapes that are prone to cracking due to their thin skins can also be heavily infested.

The beetle, a beneficial insect introduced some 25 years ago by the USDA, also has emerged as a significant late-summer nuisance for homeowners as they congregate within and around structures in preparation for over wintering.

What can be done? Scout vineyards several days prior to harvest to detect the presence and abundance of beetles. Try to cause the beetles to leave the grape clusters prior to harvesting by waiting until later in the day to begin harvest when the beetles are more active and by vigorously shaking the vines. Venom 70SG is labeled for control of multicolored Asian lady beetles in some states. Additional insecticides labeled for use on grapes have provided effective control in research trials.

Grape Root Borer

It is generally difficult to evaluate damage from the grape root borer. Injury is most often associated with a slow decline of vineyards, when it can be associated at all. If grape root borer is not a problem, there is no reason to risk destroying the natural control processes (predators, parasites, diseases). A pheromone lure is available that is very effective for attracting grape root borer males. Traps should be set out in early June. If moths are detected, then treatment is advised. If you believe that this insect is affecting your vineyards performance, you may wish to begin the following program. Sampling is critical for several reasons:

1. The control program is relatively expensive.
2. Using insecticide can create, as well as solve, problems.

Immediately After Harvest

Sample 10 vines/acre (but not less than 50 vines). Older vines are more likely to be infested. Examine A circular site (3 feet in diameter) around the base of each plant, concentrating on the inner 1 foot,

35 Days Before Harvest the Next Season

If previous years sample indicates a need to spray, apply Lorsban 4E or Lorsban 75WG. The directions on the Lorsban label are to use a rate of 4.5 pints of 4E or 3 pounds of 75 WG per 100 gallons of water. Apply 2 quarts of this diluted spray mix to the soil surface on a 15 square foot area around the base of each vine. Do not allow the spray to contact fruit or foliage. The pre-harvest restriction is 35 days.

Grape Berry Moth-Mating Disruption Strategy

A new use of pheromones is for insect control using the strategy of mating disruption; this expands the use of sex-attractant pheromones beyond their traditional role in insect monitoring. The pheromone is imbedded in 8-inch long plastic twist-ties. The atmosphere of the vineyard is saturated with the scent of the pheromone by attaching twist-ties to vines, with 400 twist-ties per acre. The pheromone confuses the male moths so that they are unable to locate and mate with females. Females are unaffected by the pheromone and can lay unfertilized eggs, but these eggs are unable to develop. This strategy should be considered only for vineyards that are at least 5 acres in size. For grape berry moth, the product is called Isomate-GBM, manufactured by Shinetsu Chemical Company and distributed by Pacific Biocontrol of Davis, California. It is distributed in the Midwest by Great Lakes IPM, Vestaburg, Michigan phone (989) 268-5693. A sprayable form of mating disruption pheromone that was introduced in 2001 is called 3M Sprayable Pheromone, Mating Disruption for Grape Berry Moth. It is made by 3M in Canada and distributed by Certis of Columbia, Maryland phone (800) 847-5620). It is used at a rate of 2 fl oz/A. Application can be repeated at two- to three-week intervals. There is a limit of 12 applications per year.

Grape Bitter Rot

Unlike black rot, which does not infect berries late in the season, bitter rot attacks only mature berries. Both diseases result in black, shriveled (mummified) fruit, and some growers have mistaken bitter rot for black rot. A rule of thumb is that if a rot resembling black rot develops on mature berries (8% sugar or above), the cause is probably not black rot. This late season rot is likely to be bitter rot. The new systemic fungicides (Nova, Bayleton, and Rubigan) are not effective against bitter rot (Table 1). If bitter rot is a problem, pre-harvest applications of Captan may be beneficial. Observe all pre-harvest restrictions.

Botrytis Bunch Rot

Use Rovral 50WP at the rate of 1.5-2 lb/A, Vangard 75WG at 10 oz/A, or Elevate 50WG at 1 lb/A (see comments on page 5). Botrytis bunch rot is most commonly a problem on tight-clustered French hybrid and Vitis vinifera cultivars. Proper timing and thorough spray coverage are essential for good control. (See label directions on timing applications.) Direct the spray toward the fruit, and use a minimum of 100 gal/A of water. Include a spreader-sticker with Rovral, especially at the 1.5 lb rate.

NOTE: Growers in Europe and Canada have experienced loss of disease control due to the development of fungicide resistance when more than three applications per year of Rovral were made over a period of 3 to5 years. Vangard and Elevate are also at risk for fungicide resistance development. It is therefore strongly recommended that Rovral, Elevate, and Vangard use be limited to a maximum of three applications per year to reduce the probability of developing strains of Botrytis that are resistant to these materials. In addition, growers should consider alternating applications of Rovral, Elevate, and Vangard during the growing season.

NOTE: Removal of leaves around clusters on mid- or low-wire cordon-trained vines before bunch closing has been shown to reduce losses caused by Botrytis.

Downy Mildew Use of Ridomil Gold MZ and Ridomil Gold Copper

Ridomil is very effective for control of downy mildew on grapes. The current labels for Ridomil Gold MZ and

Ridomil Gold Copper read as follows. Ridomil Gold MZ: Apply 2.5 lb/A of Ridomil Gold MZ. Make up to four applications beginning before bloom; do not apply within 66 days of harvest. For late season downy mildew control, apply other registered fungicides. NOTE: Other restrictions also apply. Always read the label.

Ridomil Gold Copper: Apply 2 lb/A of Ridomil Gold Copper. Make up to four applications beginning before bloom; do not make an application within 42 days of harvest. For late season downy mildew control, apply other registered fungicides. NOTE: Always obtain and read the most current label.

Phosphorous Acid (ProPhyt, Phostrol, Agri-Fos)

Several products containing phosphorous acid (phosphonates, phosphites) are sold as nutritional supplements and plant conditioners, but a few products (ProPhyt, Phostrol, Agri-Fos) are registered for use as fungicides for downy mildew control on grape. In trials in New York, these products have provided excellent control of downy mildew but do not control other grape diseases. Phosphorous acid has been used successfully for many years in Australia for downy mildew control on grape. Australian experience suggests that these products provide most control on foliage when applied within a few days after the start of an infection period, providing only a few days of additional residual (protective) activity. Experience in New York suggests that spray timing is less critical for control of downy mildew on fruit, perhaps because this highly mobile chemical (which is exempt from residue tolerances) accumulates in these organs. Phosphorous acid is a promising new fungicide for control of downy mildew, but commercial experience in the United States is limited and questions pertaining to optimum spray timing still need to be answered. Usage rate recommendations vary among different products. Some recommend a specific number of pints per 100 gallons of water and some recommend a percent solution such as 0.3%. The products mentioned here have a 4-hour re-entry interval and a 0-day pre harvest interval. Obtain and read the label of each product prior to use.

Anthracnose

Especially in the more southern regions of the Midwest, anthracnose can be quite severe. Mancozeb, Captan,ziram, and copper fungicides are rated as only slightly or moderately effective for anthracnose control, but efficacy data is lacking. Pristine is registered for control of anthracnose on grapes. The dormant application of lime sulfur solution listed on page 1 is important for anthracnose control.

Sulfur

There are many formulations of sulfur labeled for use on grapes. Sulfur is available in dry flowable (DF) andflowable (F) formulations, as well as wettable powders (WP) and dusts (D). The dry flowable and flowable formulations greatly reduce the applicators exposure as compared to wettable powders and dusts. Use rates are different for different formulations. See the label for specific use rates. Some grape varieties, such as Concord and other Labrusca (American) types, are extremely sensitive to sulfur. See Table 4. Do not apply when the temperature during or immediately following application will exceed 85°F. Sulfur looses efficacy for powdery mildew control at temperatures below 65F.

Abound Flowable (2.08F)

Abound is in the same general class of chemistry as Sovran and Flint (strobilurin) and is registered for control of black rot, downy mildew, powdery mildew, and Phomopsis cane and leaf spot. Abound is excellent for control of black rot and downy mildew, and provides good control of powdery mildew. None of the strobilurins (Abound, Flint, or Sovran) are highly effective for control of Phomopsis cane and leaf spot. Abound is recommended at the rate of 11-15.4 fl oz/A. In university tests, the rate of 11-12 fl oz provided good control of the mentioned diseases above. NOTE: Abound Flowable is very phytotoxic to apples of the variety McIntosh or varieties related to McIntosh. Do not use the same sprayer to apply Abound to grapes that will be used to apply other materials to apples. Do not allow spray to drift from grapes to apples.

Sovran 50WG

Sovran 50WG is in the same general class of chemistry as Abound and Flint (strobilurin). It is registered for control of black rot, powdery mildew, Phomopsis cane and leaf spot, and downy mildew. The Sovran label gives different use rates for control of different diseases. For black rot and Phomopsis cane and leaf spot the rate is 3.2-4.8 oz/A; for powdery mildew the rate is 3.2-4.8 oz/A and for downy mildew the rate is 4.0-6.4 oz/A. Sovran is excellent for control of black rot and powdery mildew, but is less effective than Abound for downy mildew control. Under heavy disease pressure, Sovran may not provide adequate control of downy mildew even at the higher rate.

Unlike Abound, Sovran is not phytotoxic on certain apple varieties. Sovran has a 14-day PHI. See label for further information and certain use restrictions.

Grape (continued)

Flint 50WG

Flint 50WG is in the same general class of chemistry as Abound and Sovran. It is registered for control of black rot and powdery mildew, and suppression of downy mildew. Phomopsis cane and leaf spot is not listed on the Flint label. The Flint label provides different use rates for control of different diseases. For powdery mildew the rate is 1.5-2.0 oz/A; for black rot the rate is 2.0 oz/A and for downy mildew the rate is 4.0 oz/A. Flint is excellent for control of black rot and powdery mildew, but is not highly effective against downy mildew, and is not recommended for control of downy mildew. Unlike Abound, Flint is not phytotoxic to certain apple varieties; however, Flint is very phytotoxic to Concord grapes. The label states, Do not apply Flint to Concord grapes or crop injury may occur. See label for further information and certain use restrictions.

Pristine 38WDG

Pristine 38WDG contains a combination of two active ingredients (pyraclostrobin, 12.8% and boscalid 25.2%).Pyraclostrobin is in the same general class of chemistry as Abound, Sovran, and Flint (strobilurin). Boscalid is a new class of chemistry with excellent activity against powdery mildew and good activity against Botrytis. With increasing resistance in powdery mildew to the sterol inhibiting fungicides (Nova, Rubigan, Procure, Elite) and the strobilurin fungicides (Abound, Sovran, and Flint), the addition of a new powdery mildew fungicide(boscalid) is timely. Pristine will probably be an important component in our resistance management programs for powdery mildew. Pristine is registered for control of anthracnose, black rot, downy mildew, powdery mildew, and Phomopsis cane and leaf spot, and suppression only of Botrytis gray mold. Pristine is registered for use at the rates of 6-10.5 oz/A. A maximum of six applications may be made per season. Pristine has a 14-day pre harvest interval and 24-hour re-entry interval. The label also states, Do not use on Concord, Worden, Fredonia, or related varieties due to possible foliar injury.

Adament 50WG

Adament 50WG contains a combination of two active ingredients (tebuconazole 25% and trifloxystrobin 25%).Tebuconazole is the active ingredient in Elite 45DF and trifloxystrobin is the active ingredient in Flint 50WG. Tebuconazole is a sterol inhibiting fungicide and trifloxystrobin is a strobilurin. The combination should be very - effective for control of powdery mildew and black rot, but is weak for control of downy mildew. As with Flint, Adament should not be applied to Concord grapes or injury may occur to the vines.

Resistance Management for Strobilurin Fungicides

Do not apply more than two sequential sprays of Abound, Sovran, Flint, or Pristine before alternating with a fungicide that has a different mode of action. For wine and table grapes, do not make more than four applications of a strobilurin fungicide per acre per year. For all other types of grapes, do not make more than three applications of a strobilurin fungicide per acre per year. Always read the label.

Copper Fungicides for Grape Disease Control

When different formulations of copper are dissolved in water, copper ions are released into solution. These copper ions are toxic to fungi and bacteria because of their ability to destroy proteins in plant tissues. However, because copper can kill all types of plant tissues, the use of copper fungicides carries the risk of injuring foliage and fruit of most crops. Factors promoting this injury include: (1) the amount of actual copper applied, and (2) cold, wet weather (slow drying conditions) that apparently increases the availability of copper ions and, thus, increases the risk of plant injury. Because of the potential to injure pants and to accumulate in soil, the use of copper fungicides in conventional production systems has largely been replaced with conventional fungicides that are generally safer to plant tissues and often more effective.

Several terms are used when discussing copper as a fungicide. The original material used was copper sulfate (also known as blue vitriol or bluestone). When this material was combined with lime in the French vineyards, the combination became known as Bordeaux mixture.

Bordeaux Mixture

Bordeaux mixture is a mixture of copper sulfate and hydrated lime in water. It has long residual action and has been used for years to control many diseases, including downy mildew and powdery mildew of grape. It can be made (mixed) on site by combining copper sulfate with spray grade lime. It is also commercially available as a dry wettable powder.

Fixed Copper Fungicides

Following the discovery and use of Bordeaux mixture, several relatively insoluble copper compounds or fixed - coppers were developed. Fixed copper formulations release less copper ions and are generally less injurious to plant tissues (safer to use) than Bordeaux mixture, but their use is still limited because of their potential to injure plants and lack of compatibility with other pesticides. Some of the more common commercial formulations of fixed copper include:

Basic copper sulfate: Griffin Basicop; Basic Copper 53; Micro Flo Cuproxat; Tennessee Brand Tri-Basic Copper

Sulfate;Tenn-Cop 5E; and Cuprofix. Copper (Cupric) hydroxide: Agtrol Champion WP; Agtrol Champ flowable; Agtrol Champ 2F; Kocide 101; Kocide 404S; Kocide 606; Kocide LF; Kocide DF; Microflo BlueShield WP; and Microflo BlueShield DF.

There are many other formulations of fixed copper registered for use on grapes. Always read the label for use instructions.

Recommendations for Use of Copper Fungicides on Grapes

Copper fungicides are highly effective against downy mildew and are moderately effective against powdery mildew. Copper fungicides are weak for controlling black rot, Botrytis bunch rot and Phomopsis cane and leaf spot. A concern with the use of copper fungicides is the potential they have for phytotoxicity or vine damage.

The following summary of recommendations is intended to reduce the danger of phytotoxicity when using copper:

1. Do not make a complete season long spray program with any copper fungicide.
2. Use fungicides other than copper whenever possible.
3. When using copper fungicides, delay their use as late into the growing season as possible.

4. When using copper fungicides, avoid the use of copper sulfate. Always use a fixed copper formulations.

1. Use the full recommended rate of lime. Never eliminate the use of lime completely, unless the pesticide label indicates that lime should not be used.
2. Remember that cool, wet weather enhances the risk of copper injury. Be especially certain to use adequate lime levels during such periods or switch to other fungicides.
3. Make sure that any material you tank mix with copper is compatible. Many materials are incompatible (cannot be tank-mixed) with copper.
4. Avoid copper and lime sprays on fruit destined for fresh market.

Important Note on Powdery Mildew and Downy Mildew Fungicide Resistance

Powdery Mildew

In some locations, the powdery mildew fungus has developed resistance to the sterol-inhibiting fungicides (Nova,Rubigan, Elite, and Procure) and the strobilurin fungicides (Abound, Sovran, and Flint). All of these materials were highly effective for control of powdery mildew when they were first introduced. In the vineyards where these materials have been used for several years, reduced sensitivity or resistance may be present. For this reason, it is recommended that these materials not be used alone when powdery mildew needs to be controlled. In order to provide adequate control of powdery mildew, they should be mixed with sulfur, JMS Stylet Oil, Quintec, Endura, or potassium salts. Pristine is a combination of a strobilurin fungicide plus Endura; therefore it can be used alone. Sulfur is an inexpensive and very effective fungicide for powdery mildew control. On sulfur tolerant varieties, the use of sulfur should be considered.

Downy Mildew

Strobilurin fungicides are locally systemic, and some have had good to excellent activity against downy mildew. Abound, Sovran, and Pristine have provided excellent activity against downy mildew in the past; however, reports from several areas in Europe and, most recently, from Virginia indicate that the downy mildew fungus has developed resistance, or is at least less sensitive to, these strobilurin fungicides. Growers should consider not using strobilurin fungicides alone for downy mildew control. If these products are used to control other diseases and downy mildew control is also required, tank-mix strobilurins with another fungicide with activity against downy mildew. See Table 1 for alternative fungicides for downy mildew control.

Potassium Salts for Powdery Mildew Control

Several potassium salt materials are currently registered for control of powdery mildew on grape. These include Nutrol (monopotassium phosphate), Kaligreen, and Armicarb 100 (potassium bicarbonate). Several other products may also be available. They provide moderate to good control of powdery mildew when applied to developing powdery mildew colonies. They do not provide protectant activity, and they are not effective against the other grape diseases caused by fungi. See label of each material for usage rates and other recommendations.

Grape (continued)

Table 1. Effectiveness of Fungicides for the Control of Grape Diseases

Fungicide	Phomopsiscane and leaf spot	Black rot	Downy mildew	Powdery mildew	Botrytis rot	Bitter rot
Abound 1,2	+	+++	+++ (FRP)	+++ (FRP)	++	?
Adament	+	+++	+	+++	++	0
Bayleton 1	0	+++	0	+++ (FRP)	0	0
Captan	+++	+	+++	0	+	++
Elevate	0	0	0	0	+++	0
Elite 1	0	+++	0	+++ (FRP)	0	0
Endura	0	0	0	+++	++	0
Ferbam	+	+++	+	0	0	++
Fixed copper and lime	+	+	+++	++	+	+
Flint 1,2	+	+++	+ (FRP)	+++ (FRP)	++	0
JMS Stylet Oil	0	0	0	+++	0	0
Mancozeb	+++	+++	+++	0	0	++
Nova 1	0	+++	0	+++ (FRP)	0	0
Potassium salts	0	0	0	++	0	0
Phosphorous acid	0	0	+++	0	0	0
Pristine 2	++	+++	+++ (FRP)	+++	++	?
Procure 1	0	++	0	+++ (FRP)	0	0
Quintec	0	0	0	+++	0	0
Ridomil GoldMZ	+	++	+++	0	0	++
Ridomil GoldCopper	+	+	+++	++	+	+
Rovral	0	0	0	0	+++	0
Rubigan 1	0	++	0	+++ (FRP)	0	0
Scala	0	0	0	0	+++	0
Sovran 1,2	+	+++	++ (FRP)	+++ (FRP)	++	0
Sulfur	+	0	0	+++	0	0
Topsin M3	++	+	0	+++	++	++
Vangard	0	0	0	0	+++	0
Ziram	++	+++	++	0	0	0

Key to ratings: +++=highly effective; ++=moderately effective; +=slightly effective; 0=not effective; ?=effectiveness unknown or not established; FRP=Fungicide Resistance Possible. 1These fungicides are not recommended for powdery mildew control due to development of fungicide-resistant strains of the powdery mildew fungus. 2These fungicides are not recommended for downy mildew control due to development of fungicide resistant strains of the downy mildew fungus. 3Where Topsin M-resistant strains of the powdery mildew and Botrytis fungi have been detected, Topsin M will be ineffective and should not be used. Note: The above ratings are intended to provide readers with an idea of relative effectiveness. They are based on published data and/or field obse development.

Table 2. Leaf Wetness Duration-Temperature Combinations Necessary for Grape Foliar Infection by Black Rot

Temperature ºF	Minimum Leaf Wetness Duration for Light Infection (hr)
50	24
55	12
60	9
65	8
70	7
75	7
80	6
85	9
90	12

Data represent a compilation from several experiments with the cultivars Concord, Catawba, Aurora, and Baco Noir.

Grape berry moth

Eight spotted forester

Leafhoppers

Grape cane girdler Grape cane gallmaker

Grape flea beetle

Japanese beetle

Grape phylloxera(foliar)

Redbanded leafroller

Rose chafer

Spider mites

Climbing cutworm

Fruit flies

Grape root borer

Insecticides

Applaud

-

-

++

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Assail

-

-

+++

-

-

++

++

-

+++

-

-

-

-

Baythroid

+++

-

++

++

++

+++

++

-

+++

-

-

-

-

Brigade

++

-

++

-

++

++

++

-

++

-

-

-

-

Capture

++

-

++

-

++

++

++

-

++

-

-

-

-

Danitol

+++

-

++

-

-

+++

+++

-

-

++

-

-

-

Diazinon

++

-

++

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+++

-

Dibrom

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+++

-

Endosulfan

-

-

+

-

-

-

+++

-

++

-

-

-

-

Guthion

+++

+++

++

++

++

-

-

+++

-

-

-

-

-

Imidan

++

-

++

-

+

++

-

++

++

-

-

-

-

Intrepid

+++

-

-

-

-

-

-

++

-

-

-

-

-

Lannate

++

-

++

-

-

-

-

++

-

-

+++

-

-

Lorsban

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

++

Malathion

+

-

++

-

-

++

-

-

++

-

-

+++

-

Provado

-

-

+++

-

-

+

++

-

+

-

-

-

-

Renounce

+++

-

++

++

++

+++

++

-

+++

-

-

-

-

Sevin

++

+++

+++

-

+++

+++

-

++

+++

-

+++

-

-

SpinTor, Entrust

++

-

-

-

-

-

-

++

-

-

-

-

-

Venom

-

-

++

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Miticides

Acramite

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+++

-

-

-

Agri-Mek

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+++

-

-

-

Envidor

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+++

-

-

-

Fujimite

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+++

-

-

-

Kelthane

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

Nexter

-

-

++

-

-

-

-

-

-

+++

-

-

-

Vendex

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

Zeal

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+++

-

-

-

Key to ratings: +++=highly effective; ++=moderately effective; +=slightly effective; -=ineffective or not sufficient data.

Table 4. Relative Disease Susceptibility and Chemical Sensitivity among Grape Cultivars.

The relative ratings in this chart apply to an average growing season under conditions usually favorable for disease development. Any given cultivars may be more or less severely affected depending on conditions.

				Susceptible or Sensitive to
Cultivars	Black rot	Downy mildew	Powdery mildew	Botrytis	Phomopsis	Eutypa	Crown gall	Anthracnose	Sulfur1	Copper2
Aurore	+++	++	++	+++	+	+++	++	+	No	++
Baco Noir	+++	+	++	++	+	++	+++	+	No	?
Briana	?	+	?	+	?	?	?	?	?	?
Cabernet Franc	+++	+++	+++	+	?	?	+++	++	No	?
Cabernet Sauvignon	+++	+++	+++	+	+++	+++	+++	?	No	+
Canadice	+++	++	+	++	?	?	++	++	?	?
Catawba	+++	+++	++	+	+++	+	+	++	No	++
Cayuga White	+	++	+	+	++	+	++	+++	No	+
Chambourcin	+++	++	+	++	+	?	++	+	Yes	?
Chancellor	+	+++	+++	+	+++	+	+++	++	Yes	+++
Chardonel	++	++	++	++	+++	?	++	+	No	?
Chardonnay	++	+++	+++	+++	+++	++	+++	+++	No	+
Concord	+++	+	++	+	+++	+++	+	+	Yes	+
Corot noir	+	+++	+	+	+	+	+	+	No	?
Cynthiana/Norton	+	++	+	+	+	?	+	+	Yes	?
DeChaunac	+	++	++	+	+++	+++	++	++	Yes	+
Delaware	++	+++3	++	+	+++	+	+	++	No	+
Edelweiss	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?
Einset Seedless	+++	++	+++	+	?	?	+	?	?	?
Foch (Marechal Foch)	++	+	++	+	+	+++	+	++	Yes	?
Fredonia	++	+++	++	+	+++	?	+	+++	No	?
Frontenac	++	+	++	++	+	?	?	+	No	?
Frontenac Gris	++	+	++	++	+	?	?	+	No	?
Geneva Red-7	+	++	++	++	+	+	+	+	No	?
Gew¼rztraminer	+++	+++	+++	+++	?	?	+++	+++	No	+
Himrod	++	+	++	+	+	?	?	+++	No	?
Jupiter	++	+++	+++	+	+	?	?	+	?	?
LaCrescent	++	+	++	+	+	+	+	+	?	?
LaCrosse	+++	++	++	+++	++	?	?	+	?	?
Leon Millot	+	++	+++	+	+	+	?	+	Yes	?
Limberger	+++	+++	+++	+	?	+++	+++	?	No	?
Marquette	+	+	+	+++	?	?	+	?	?	?
Marquis	+	+++	+	+	+++	?	?	+++	?	?
Mars	+	+	+	+	+	?	+	+	?	?
Melody	+++	++	+	+	+++	?	?	+	No	?
Merlot	++	+++	+++	++	+	+++	+++	++	No	++
Moores Diamond	+++	+	+++	++	?	++	?	?	No	?
Muscat Ottonel	+++	+++	+++	++	?	+++	+++	++	No	?
Niagara	+++	+++	++	+	+++	+	++	++	No	+
Noiret	++	++	++	+	+	?	++	+	No	?
Pinot gris	+++	+++	+++	++	?	+++	+++	?	No	?
Pinot noir	+++	+++	+++	+++	?	?	+++	?	No	+
Reliance	+++	+++	++	+	++	?	?	+++	No	+
Riesling	+++	+++	+++	+++	++	++	+++	?	No	+
St. Croix	?	++	++	++	?	?	?	+	?	?
St. Vincent	+	++	+	+	+	+	+	+	No	?
Seyval	++	++	+++	+++	++	+	++	+	No	+
Steuben	++	+	+	+	?	?	+	+	No	?
Sunbelt	+	++	++	+	+	?	?	+	?	?
Traminette	+	++	+	+	+++	?	++	+	No	?
Valvin Muscat	++	+	++	+	+	?	+	?	No	?
Vanessa	+++	++	++	+	+	?	+	?	?	?
Ventura	++	++	++	+	+	?	+	+	No	?
Vidal blanc	+	++	+++	+	+	+	++	+++	No	?
Vignoles	+	++	+++	+++	++	++	++	+++	No	?

Key to ratings: +=slightly susceptible or sensitive; ++=moderately susceptible or sensitive; +++=highly susceptible or sensitive; No=not sensitive; Yes=sensitive; ?=relative susceptibility or sensitivity not established. 1 Slight to moderate sulfur injury may occur even on tolerant cultivars when temperatures are 85°F or higher during, or immediately following, the application.Copper applied under cool, slow-drying conditions is likely to cause injury.Berries not susceptible.

Blueberry Spray Schedule

Dormant Apply as buds begin to break.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Phomopsiscane and twig blight	Lime sulfur solution or	See comments for rate.	The lime sulfur label reads: Use 5-6 gal per100-150 gal of spray per acre. Apply at delayed dormant stage after leaf buds begin to break. Do not use within 14 days of an oil spray or when temperature is above 75F as burning of foliage may occur.
	Sulforix	1-2 gal
Phytophthoraroot rot	Ridomil Gold EC or	See comments on page 28.
	Phosphorous acid or
	Aliette 80WDG

Green Tip Apply when leaf buds are showing 1/16-1/4 inch green tip.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Stem canker and stem blight	Captan 50WPor	5 lb	Captan is also available as 80% WDG and Captec 4L. Note: The re-entry interval (REI) for Captan on blueberry is 4 days. For the 80WDGformulation the REI is 3 days. Do not tank mix Captan with Diazinon.
	Ziram 76DF	3 lb
Mummy berry(shoot blight phase)	Unless diseases (mummy berry, anthracnose, or stem canker) are or have been a problem, an intensive fungicide spray program may not be required.
	Captan 50WPor	5 lb	Captan provides protective control of stem canker and stem blight, anthracnose, and Phomopsis canker.
	Ziram 76DF or	3 lb
	Indar 75WSP	2 oz	Indar is also available in a flowable (2F)formulation.

Pink Bud Stage and 25% Bloom apply when flower petals show pink and again at 25% bloom.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Mummy berry(blossom infection),Botrytis blight,Stem canker and stem blight,Anthracnose	Captan 50WP or	5 lb	Captan provides protective control of stem canker and stem blight, anthracnose, and Phomopsis canker.
	Ziram 76DF or	3 lb
	Indar 75WSP or	2 oz	Indar is also available in a flowable (2F)formulation.
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz	See note on Abound, Cabrio, and Pristine on page 28.
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Pristine 38WG or	18.5-23 oz
	CaptEvate 68WDG	3.5-4.7 lb

Blueberry (continued) Blueberry (continued)

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Botrytis blight	Elevate 50WG or	1.5 lb
	CaptEvate 68WDG or	3.5-4.7 lb
	Switch 62.5WG	11-14 oz	See note on Switch on page 28.

Full Bloom to Early Petal Fall Apply when all blossoms are open to when some petals begin to fall.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Mummy berry(blossom infection),Botrytis blight,Stem canker and stem blight,Anthracnose	Captan 50WPor	5 lb
	Ziram 76DF or	3 lb	Do not apply Ziram more than 3 weeks after full bloom.
	Indar 75WSP or	2 oz	Indar is also available in a flowable (2F)formulation.
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz	See note on Abound, Cabrio, and Pristine on page 28.
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Pristine 38WG or	18.5-23 oz
	CaptEvate 68WDG	3.5-4.7 lb
Botrytis blight	Elevate 50WG or	1.5 lb
	CaptEvate 68WDGor	3.5-4.7 lb
	Switch 62.5WG	11-14 oz	See note on Switch on page 29.
Cherry fruit worm	Confirm 2F	16 fl oz	Cherry fruit worm control by conventional insecticides starts at petal fall, but control by Confirm must begin earlier. First application is best at 400 degree days (base 50) after biofix(sustained catch of moths in pheromone trap).Second application at 100% petal fall.
	Esteem 35WP	5 oz	Apply Esteem when egg laying begins and again at petal fall.

Petal Fall Apply when petals are falling.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Cherry fruit worm	Control cherry fruit worm at petal fall and 10 days later. Insect pests of blueberry are rare in much of the region; scout before applying insecticides. Unneeded applications of insecticides can create problems where none existed.
	Imidan 70WP	1.3 lb
	Guthion 50WP	1-1.5 lb	For use in Arkansas and Indiana only.
	Asana XL (0.66 EC)	4.8-9.6 fl oz
	Danitol 2.4EC	10.6-16 oz
	Malathion 8EC	1.5-2.5 pt
	Malathion 5EC	1.5 pt
	Confirm 2F	16 fl oz
	Diazinon AG600	25.5 fl oz
	Sevin XLR (4EC)	1.5-2 qt	Other formulations may be available.
	Lannate LV	1.5-3 pt
	Lannate SP	8-16 oz
	Esteem 35WP	5 oz
	SpinTor 2SC	4-6 fl oz	Target spray to coincide with egg laying.
	Entrust 80WP	1.25-1.5 oz	Limit of 9 oz of Entrust per season.

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Cherry fruit worm (continued)	Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)		See Table 10 on page 47 for a list of products that contain Bacillus thuringiensis; see individual product labels for rates and application details.

First and Second Cover Apply first cover about 7-10 days after petal fall, and second cover about 10 days later.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Anthracnose,Stem canker and stem blight	Captan 50WPor	5 lb	Apply only if anthracnose or canker is a problem.
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz	See notes on Abound, Cabrio, and Pristine, and on Switch on page 28.
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Pristine 38WG or	18.5-23 oz
	Switch 62.5WG or	11-14 oz
	CaptEvate 68WDG	3.5-4.7 lb
Cherry fruit worm,Cranberry fruit worm	Same as at petal fall for cherry fruit worm.		Control cherry fruit worm at petal fall and 10 days later. Control cranberry fruit worm 10 days and 20 days after petal fall.
Plum curricula	Plum curricula adults and larvae have not been observed to damage blueberries in the most southern portions of the region.
	Imidan 70WP	1.3 lb
	Guthion 50WP	1-1.5 lb	For use in Arkansas and Indiana only.
	Malathion 8EC	1.5-2.5 pt
	Malathion 5EC	1.5 pt
	Danitol 2.4EC	10.6-16 oz
	Surround 95WP	12.5-50 lb	Surround may leave noticeable residues on berries.
Blueberry tip borer	Not a common pest.
	Malathion 8EC	1.5-2.5 pt

Third and Additional Covers
Apply about 10 days after previous cover, repeat as needed.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Anthracnose, Stem canker and stem blight	Captan 50WPor	5 lb	Apply only if these diseases are a problem. Observe harvest restrictions.
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz	See notes on Abound, Cabrio, and Pristine, and on Switch on page 28.
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Pristine 38WG or	18.5-23 oz
	Switch 62.5WG	11-14 oz

Third and Additional Covers (continued)

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
	Monitor for first emergence of blueberry maggot flies with traps. Emergence usually begins around July 1 in northern areas. Insecticide applications to protect berries may be needed until harvest. See product labels for pre harvest intervals and restrictions. Blueberry maggot is not a common pest in the southern portion of the region.
	Imidan 70WP	1.3 lb
	Guthion 50WP	1-1.5 lb	For use in Arkansas and Indiana only.
Blueberry maggot	Asana XL (0.66 EC)	9.6 fl oz
	Malathion 8EC	1.9-2.5 pt
	Malathion 95ULV	10 fl oz
	Diazinon AG600	25.5 fl oz
	Sevin XLR (4 EC)	1.5-2 qt	Other formulations may be available.
	Lannate LV	12-24 fl oz
	Lannate SP	4-8 fl oz
	Provado 1.6F	8 fl oz
	Danitol 2.4EC	10.67-16 fl oz
	See Table 9 on page 46 for pre-harvest intervals for insecticides listed below. See page 49 for information on this pest.
	Imidan 70WP	1.3 lb	Imidan is moderately effective and may be used until 3 days before harvest.
	Malathion 8EC	1.5-2.5 pt
	Malathion 5EC	1.5 pt
Japanese beetle	Sevin XLR (4 EC)	1-2 qt	For control of Japanese beetles on fruit, Sevin is labeled and effective, but may not be used within 7 days of harvest. Other formulations may be available.
	Asana XL (0.66 EC)	4.8-9.6 fl oz
	Pyganic 1.4%EC	16-64 fl oz	Pyganic, Pyronyl, and Neemix provide some short-term control and may be applied until the day of harvest.
	Pyganic 5%EC	4.5-18 fl oz
	Pyronyl	12 fl oz
	Neemix 4.5	7-16 fl oz	Neem acts as a repellent.
	Aza-Direct	1-2 pt
	Surround 95WP	12.5-50 lb	Surround may leave noticeable residues on berries.
	Provado 1.6F	6-8 f. fl oz
	Actara 25WG	4 oz
	Danitol 2.4EC	10.67-16 fl oz

Post Harvest
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Stem canker and stem blight	Captan 50WP	5 lb	If canker is a problem, apply post-harvest sprays at 4-6 week intervals until leaf drop in the fall.

Phytophthora Root Rot

Ridomil Gold EC is labeled for control of Phytophthora root rot of blueberries. The label reads: Established plantings: Apply 0.25 pt/1,000 linear feet of row (3.6 pt/A broadcast basis) in a 3-foot band over the row before the plants start growth in the spring. One additional application may be made to coincide with periods most favorable for root rot development. New plantings: Apply 3.6 pt/A broadcast at or after the time of planting. Use the formula in the General Information section of the label to calculate the amount needed per acre. Note: On new plantings, do not apply more than 0.9 gal/A broadcast during the 12 months before bearing harvest able fruit, or illegal residues may result.

Phosphorous acid (Agri-Fos) and Aliette 80WDG are registered for control of Phytophthora root rot on blueberry. Both materials essentially have the same active ingredient. Aliette is a water dispersible granule and Agri-Fos is a liquid. Aliette is registered for use at 5 lb/A and Agri-Fos is used at 1.25 qt/A in 100 gallons of water to 2.5 qt/A in 185 gallons of water. Read the label for additional information on use and restrictions.

Abound, Cabrio, and Pristine

Abound 2.08F, Cabrio 20EG, and Pristine 38WG fungicides are registered for use on blueberry. All of these fungicides belong to the same group of fungicides called strobilurins, and are at risk for fungicide resistance development in pathogenic fungi. No more than four applications of each fungicide may be made per season,and no more than two sequential sprays of each fungicide should be made without switching to a different class of fungicide. Because they are in the same class of chemistry, they cannot be alternated with each other as a fungicide resistance management strategy. These are the materials of choice for control of anthracnose fruit rot on blueberry. Alternating Abound, Cabrio, or Pristine with Captan or Switch may aid in preventing fungicide resistance in the fungus that causes anthracnose.

Switch 62.5WG

Switch is a combination of two active ingredients (cyprodinil and fludioxonil). It is a different class of chemistry

than the strobilurin fungicides (Abound, Cabrio, and Pristine). It has excellent activity against Botrytis fruit rot and is registered for control of mummy berry, Alternaria fruit rot, Phomopsis, and anthracnose. Its activity against anthracnose makes it a good material to alternate with a strobilurin fungicide in a resistance management program for anthracnose.

Raspberry and Blackberry Spray Schedule

Delayed Dormant Apply when tips of buds show green.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Anthracnose,Spur blight(reds only),Cane blight	Liquid lime-sulfur or	6-12 gal	This is a critical spray for good disease control. Be sure that all canes are completely covered by the fungicide. This spray may burn the leaves if applied after new shoots are 3/4-inch long.
	Sulforix or	3-6 gal
	Copper hydroxide50WP	4 lb	Copper hydroxide is available as Blueshield50WP or Kocide 50WP. Both products have a 48hour re-entry interval.
Phytophthoraroot rot	Ridomil Gold EC or		See comments on page 33 for application information.
	Aliette 80WDG or
	Phosphorous acid
Raspberrycrown borer	Apply insecticides after egg hatch in late October or early November or wait until late March. Apply Capture or Brigade as a soil drench directed at the crown of the plants in a minimum of 50 gal water per acre prior to a significant rainfall or irrigation.
	Capture 2EC	6.4 fl oz
	Brigade 2EC	6.4 fl oz
Rednecked cane borer			See comments on page 32 about pruning to remove last years galls.

Pre-Bloom Apply when flowers show white.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Anthracnose,Spur blight(reds only),Cane blight,*Raspberryleaf spot,*Septoria leafspot	NOTE: Unless anthracnose, cane blight, or spur blight have been problems, fungicide applications prior to bloom are probably not required. This is especially true if the delayed-dormant application of lime-sulfur has been made.*See note on raspberry leaf spot and Septoria leaf spot on page 34.
	Captan 80WDGor	2.5 lb	See note on Captan on page 35.
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz	See notes on Abound, Cabrio, and Pristine on page 34.
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz
	Pristine 38WG	18.5-23 oz
Rust diseases (orange rust and late leaf rust),Powdery mildew,*Raspberryleaf spot,*Septoria leafspot	*See note on raspberry leaf spot and Septoria leaf spot on page 34.
	Nova 40WP or	2.5 oz	For late leaf rust and powdery mildew, begin applications when disease first appears and repeat on a 10-14 day schedule. For orange rust, see comments on pages 33-34.
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz	See notes on Abound, Cabrio, and Pristine on page 34.
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz
	Pristine 38WG	18.5-23 oz
Raspberryfruitworm	Pyganic 1.4%EC	16-64 fl oz	Early fruit is more seriously attacked than later fruit. Check for feeding damage to spring leaves,buds, and early summer fruit.
	Pyganic 5%EC	4.5 18 fl oz
	SpinTor 2SC	4-6 fl
	Entrust 80WP	1.25-2 fl oz

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Strawberryclipper(bud weevil)	Malathion 50WP	4 lb	Begin checking for the first clipped buds when buds first flowers show white. If clipped buds are found, apply insecticide and repeat spray 10 days later if bud clipping continues.
Leafrollers	Not common pests.
	Sevin XLR (4 EC)	1-2 qt	Other formulations may be available.
	Capture 2EC	3.2-6.4 fl oz
	Brigade 2EC	3.2-6.4 fl oz
	Brigade 10WP(WSB)	8-16 oz
	Asana XL	4.8-9.6 fl oz
	Mustang Max 0.8EC	4 oz
	Confirm 2F	16 fl oz
	SpinTor 2SC	4-6 oz	SpinTor should target eggs at hatch or small larvae.
	Entrust 80WP	1.25-2 oz
	Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)		See Table 10 for a list of products that contain Bacillus thuringiensis; see individual product labels for rates and application details.
	Neemix	0.5-2 gal
	Aza-Direct	1-2 pt
	Pyganic 1.4%EC	16-64 fl oz
	Pyganic 5%EC	4.5-18 fl oz
	Surround 95WP	12.5±50 lb	Surround may leave noticeable residues on berries.
Rose chafer	Not a common pest in most areas.
	Sevin XLR (4 EC)	1-2 qt	Other formulations may be available.
	Pyganic 1.4%EC	16-64 fl oz
	Pyganic 5%EC	4.5-18 fl oz
	Pyronyl	12 fl oz
	Surround 95WP	12.5-50 lb	Surround may leave noticeable residues on berries.
Raspberrysawfly	Not a common pest.
	Sevin XLR (4 EC)	1-2 qt	Other formulations may be available.
	Entrust 80WP	1.25-2 fl oz
First Bloom through Petal Fall Apply when first flowers open through when petals fall.
Anthracnose,Botrytis fruit rot, Spur blight (reds only),Cane blight,*Raspberryleaf spot,*Septoria leafspot	*See notes on raspberry leaf spot and Septoria leaf spot on page 34.Make 3 fungicide applications during this period: apply the first as blooms begin to open, not later than 5% bloom; make the second at full bloom; and follow with a third as petals begin to fall.
	Captan 80WDGor	2.5 lb
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz
	Pristine 38WG	18.5-23 oz
Rust diseases (orange rust and late leaf rust),Powdery mildew,*Raspberryleaf spot,*Septoria leafspot	*See notes on raspberry leaf spot and Septoria leaf spot on page 34.
	Nova 40WP or	2.5 oz	For late leaf rust and powdery mildew, begin applications when disease first appears and repeat at 10-14 day schedule. For orange rust, see comments on pages 33-34.
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz
	Pristine 38WG	18.5-23 oz

Raspberry & Blackberry (continued)

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Rosette (double blossom)			See comments on page 33.
	Rovral 50WP or	1-2 lb	See note on fungicide resistance management on page 33.
Botrytis fruit rot (only)	Elevate 50WG or	1.5 lb
	CaptEvate 68WDGor	3.5 lb
	Switch 62.5WG or	11-14 oz
	Pristine 38WG	18.5-23 oz

Post-Bloom through Harvest Apply every 14 days after petal fall as needed.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Anthracnose,Botrytis fruit rot,Spur blight,Cane blight,*Raspberryleaf spot,*Septoria leafspot	*See note on raspberry leaf spot and Septoria leaf spot on page 34.
	Captan 80WDGor	2.5 lb	See comments on Captan on page 33.
	CaptEvate 68WDGor	3.5 lb	CaptEvate has a pre harvest interval (PHI) of 3days.
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz
	Pristine 38WG	18.5-23 oz
Botrytis fruit rot (only)	Rovral 50WP or	1-2 lb	Rovral, CaptEvate, Elevate, Switch, and Pristine may be applied up to and including the day of harvest for Botrytis fruit rot control.
	CaptEvate 68WDGor	3.5 lb
	Elevate 50WG or	1.5 lb
	Switch 62.5WG or	11-14 oz
	Pristine 38WG	18.5-23 oz
Rust diseases (orange rust and late leaf rust),Powdery mildew	Nova 40WP or	2.5 oz	For late leaf rust and powdery mildew, begin applications when disease first appears and repeat on a 10-14 day schedule. For orange rust, see comments on pages 33-34.
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Pristine 38WG	18.5-23 oz
Rednecked cane borer	Admire Pro	10.5-14 fl oz	Do not apply pre-bloom, during bloom, or when bees are foraging. See comments on page 32.
Sap beetles	Bait buckets		Keep berries off the ground and ripe berries picked. Establish bait buckets containing overripe fruit between the berry planting and nearby wooded areas. Empty bait buckets on a regular basis. Few insecticides are registered for sap beetle control, and during picking harvest restrictions practically rule out their use.

Pest/Problem	Material		Rate/Acre		Comments
	Check pre harvest intervals in Table 9 on page 46.
	Sevin XLR (4 EC)	1-2 qt		Other formulations may be available.
Japanese beetle and/or Green June beetle	Malathion 8F	2-4 pt
	Actara 25WB	3 oz
	Pyganic 1.4%EC	16-64 fl oz
	Pyganic 5%EC	4.5-18 fl oz
	Neemix 4.5	7-16 fl oz		Neem acts as a repellent.
	Aza-Direct	1-2 pt
	Surround 95WP	12.5-50 lb		Surround may leave noticeable residues on berries.
Tarnished plant bug,stink bugs	Sevin XLR (4 EC)	1.5-2 qt		Other formulations may be available.
	Actara 25WB	3 oz
	Pyganic 1.4%EC	16-64 fl oz
	Pyganic 5%EC	4.5-18 fl oz
Mites	Savey 50DF	3-6 oz

Post Harvest
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Rust diseases (orange rust and late leaf rust),Powdery mildew,*Raspberryleaf spot,*Septoria leafspot	*Post harvest sprays are probably the most important for control of the leaf spot diseases. When diseases are severe, most defoliation occurs post harvest.
	Nova 40WP or	2.5 oz	For late leaf rust and powdery mildew, begin applications when disease first appears and repeat on a 10-14 day schedule. For orange rust, see comments on pages 33-34.
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz
	Pristine 38WG	18.5-23 oz
Raspberrycrown borer	Apply insecticides after eggs hatch in late October or early November or wait until March. Apply Capture or Brigade as a soil drench directed at the crown of plants in a minimum of 50gal water per acre prior to a significant rainfall or irrigation.
	Capture 2EC	6.4 fl oz
	Brigade 2EC	6.4 fl oz

In exceptionally wet seasons, post-harvest fungicide applications may be required to protect first year canes from anthracnose, spur blight, cane blight, and powdery mildew. A good spray program early in the season should help minimize development of these diseases later in the season.

Special Comments on the Raspberry and Blackberry Schedule

Tree Crickets and Periodical Cicadas

See notes on pages 48-49.

Raspberry Cane Maggot

The raspberry cane maggot causes wilted tips in May. Cut off wilted tips a few inches below the girdle when first seen. Destroy the removed tips.

Rednecked Cane Borer

Scout for galls before or during the delayed dormant period. Prune out galled canes and burn, bury, or otherwise destroy them to kill over wintered larvae. If more than 5 percent of all canes have galls, an insecticide application immediately after bloom may be necessary. Adult emergence begins in May or June. Begin scouting plantings during bloom by looking for adult beetles active during daylight hours. Begin insecticide application(s) after bloom has ended and bees are no longer present. Apply Admire Pro via drip or trickle chemigation or in a soil drench in a minimum of 500 gallons of water per acre. Do not apply pre-bloom or during bloom or when bees are actively foraging.

Phytophthora Root Rot

Ridomil Gold EC is labeled for control of Phytophthora root rot on raspberries. The label reads: Apply 1/4 pt per 1,000 linear feet of row to the soil surface in a 3-foot band over the row. Make one application in the spring and another in the fall after harvest. Use the formula in the General Information section of this label to calculate the amount of Ridomil Gold EC needed per acre. Note: Do not apply Ridomil within 45 days before harvest or illegal residues may result. See the label for more detailed information.

Aliette 80WDG is registered for control of Phytophthora root rot on cane berries (raspberry and blackberry).The label recommendation reads: Begin foliar sprays (5 lb/acre) in the spring after bud break (1-3 inches new growth) and continue spraying on a 45-60 day schedule, up to a maximum of four (4) sprays during the growing season. Do not apply Aliette within 60 days of harvest.

Phosphorous acid (Agri-Fos) is registered for control of root rot on brambles. It has essentially the same active ingredient as Aliette. See label for use recommendations.

Rosette or Double Blossom

Rosette is caused by the fungus, Cercosporella rubi. It is a serious disease of blackberry in the southern regionsof the Midwest (Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas). At present, Abound is the only fungicide currently labeled for control of this disease on blackberry. It is probable that the other strobilurin fungicides (Cabrio and Pristine) will also provide some level of control. In the past, chemical control of this disease under conditions of heavy pressure has not been highly successful. One possible cultural practice for an infected site is to mow the planting down before flowering to eliminate spore release and infection of emerging primocanes. Though sacrificing one year of production, the practice may provide short-term control. Evidence indicates that only the cultivars Navahoand Arapaho appear to have resistance/tolerance to this fungus. Other cultivars differ in susceptibility, but all will become infected over time. For additional information on Rosette, contact your local Extension office.

Captan Use on Brambles

Federal registration for use of Captan fungicide on cane berries (raspberry and blackberry) was suspended in1989. In 2003, the Captan 80WDG formulation received federal registration for use on brambles, and the re-entryinterval (REI) on the new label was reduced from four days to three days (72 hours). The pre-harvest interval (PHI) for Captan on cane berries is three days. Recently, the registration for several other formulations of Captan (Captan 50W, Captan 80W, Captan 4L, and Captec 4L) have also changed. Caneberries have been added to the label and the REI is reduced from four to three days. The PHI on all Captan formulations on cane berries is still three days.

Growers need to be aware that some companies have received federal registration for their specific formulations of Captan, while others have not. All 80WDG products should have the new registration. Formulations of Captan 50W, Captan 80W, and Captan 4L from the Drexel company all have the new registration. MICROFLOS Captec 4L formulation has the new registration, but its Captan 50W and Captan 80W do not.

The bottom line is that growers who wish to use Captan on cane berries need to read the label of the material they plan to purchase to make sure it is registered on cane berries. Old products may not have cane berries on the label. Ohio has a 24(c) Special Local Needs registration for use of MICROFLOS formulation of Captan 50Wand Captan 80W. The registration is only for Ohio, and the 24(c) label must be in the users hand at the time of application. These 24(c) labels may be useful to Ohio growers who have old products they need to use. For information on how to obtain a label in Ohio, contact Mike Ellis at (330) 263-3849 or ellis.7@osu.edu.

Fungicide Resistance Management

Elevate, Rovral, Switch, and Pristine should not be used alone for season long control of Botrytis fruit rot because of the potential for pathogen strains to develop resistance to each fungicide. The addition (tank mix) of Captan to Elevate, Rovral, Switch, or Pristine should provide a higher level of disease control and aid in preventing fungicide resistance development. Rotating the use of these fungicides in one-two-spray blocks is a good resistance management strategy.

Nova, Cabrio, and Pristine for Control of Orange Rust

Based on information currently available on the disease cycle of orange rust, there appear to be two main periods during the growing season when fungicides should be effective to control the disease. Growers should review the

The first period is during the spring when aeciospores (bright orange spores) are being produced. Sprays at this time would control localized leaf infections and, therefore, teliospores would not be produced later in the growing season. The timing for these sprays would be from just before the aeciospores are released in the spring (generally early to mid-May) until the infected leaves die and dry up, and spores are no longer present (mid-June through mid-July). It is important to note that as temperatures get above 77F, aeciospore germination is very slow, and disease development greatly reduced. In short, during the hot days of summer, infections should not be occurring.

The second period is during late summer or fall as temperatures decrease and the threat of systemic (teliospore)infections occurs. Even if complete control of early season aeciospore infections is achieved, some teliospores could still be blown into the planting from infected wild hosts. Nova, Abound, Cabrio, or Pristine applied on a 10-14 day schedule during these periods should be beneficial for control. In wet weather the shorter interval should be used. Nova should be alternated with either Cabrio or Pristine in the spray program in order to prevent fungicide resistance development. A good approach would be to alternate them in two-spray blocks. Do not apply more than two sprays without alternating to another class of fungicide. For the most current suggestions for timing fungicide applications for orange rust control, contact Mike Ellis at (330) 263-3849 or ellis.7@osu.edu.

Abound 2.08F

Abound 2.08F fungicide is registered for use on all brambles (blackberry and raspberry) for control of Botryospaeria canker, anthracnose, powdery mildew, raspberry leaf spot, Septoria leaf spot on blackberry,Colletotrichum rot, spur blight, and rosette or double blossom of blackberries. Abound or any other strobilurin fungicide (Cabrio or Pristine) cannot be applied more than three times per season. It cannot be applied in more than two sequential sprays without alternating to another fungicide with a different class of chemistry. It has a 12hour re-entry interval and can be applied on the day of harvest.

Cabrio 20EG

Cabrio 20EG fungicide is registered for use on all brambles (blackberry and raspberry) for control of anthracnose,leaf spot and blotch, powdery mildew, rusts, and spur blight. It is a strobilurin fungicide and has good activity against these diseases. It cannot be applied more than four times per season and cannot be applied in more than two sequential sprays without alternating to another fungicide with a different class of chemistry. It has a 24-hour re-entry interval and a 0-day pre-harvest interval.

Pristine 38WG

Pristine 38WG fungicide is registered for use on all brambles (blackberries and raspberries) for control of anthracnose, Botrytis gray mold, leaf spots, powdery mildew, rust diseases, and spur blight. Pristine is a combination of two active ingredients (pyraclostrobin and boscalid). It cannot be applied more than four times per season and has a 0-day pre-harvest interval. Pyraclostrobin is the same class of chemistry as Cabrio (strobilurin)so Cabrio and Pristine should not be alternated with each other in a resistance management program. For control of rust diseases, Cabrio or Pristine should be alternated with Nova to prevent fungicide resistance development.

Raspberry Leaf Spot and Septoria Leaf Spot of Blackberry and Raspberry

The incidence of raspberry leaf spot and Septoria leaf spot appears to be increasing across the Midwest. If not controlled, they can result in severe defoliation of the plant. The strobilurin fungicides (Abound, Cabrio, Pristine) provide good control of both diseases. Abound is registered for control of raspberry leaf spot and Septoria leaf spot. Some fungicide trials have shown that Captan and Nova also provide some level of control. Post harvest(late season) applications are important for controlling these leaf diseases. Most defoliation resulting from these diseases occurs later in the season (post harvest).

Strawberry Spray Schedule

Early Spring (Pre-Bloom)Apply when new leaves are expanding and blossom buds are visible.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Leaf spot,Leaf scorch,Leaf blight,Powdery mildew, Anthracnose	Captan 50WPor	6 lb	The re-entry interval for Captan on strawberry is 24 hours. Always read the label. Captan has good activity against anthracnose and most leaf diseases, but will not control powdery mildew. Captan is also available as 80WDG and Captec4L.
	Thiram 65WP or	5 lb	Thiram will not control powdery mildew.
	Nova 40WP or	2.5-5 oz	Nova is highly effective for control of powdery mildew and leaf blight.
	Procure 50WS or	4-8 oz	Procure is highly effective for control of powdery mildew only.
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz	Cabrio, Pristine, and Abound are registered for control of leaf spot, powdery mildew and anthracnose.
	Pristine 38WG or	18.5-23 oz
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz
	Quintec 2.08F	10-14 fl oz	Quintec will control powdery mildew only and must be used in a protectant program.
Red stele			See comments on page 40.
Strawberryclipper(bud weevil)	Watch for clipper when flower buds start coming out of the crown and when temperatures approach 65F. Treat if the number of clipped buds per meter of row is 3 or more primary buds or 30 or more secondary or tertiary buds. Infestations begin at field edge so border spray is often sufficient.
	Lorsban 4EC	2 pt
	Lorsban 75WG	1.33 lb
	Brigade 10WP (WSB)	6.4-32 oz
	Danitol 2.4EC	16-21.3 fl oz
Spittlebug,Tarnished plant bug(adults)	If a problem, apply when buds first become visible, and make a second application just before the first bloom opens.
	Endosulfan 50WP	2 lb
	Endosulfan 3EC	2.6 pt
	Sevin XLR (4EC)	1.5-2 qt	Other formulations may be available.
	Danitol 2.4EC	10.67 fl oz
	Brigade 10WP (WSB)	6.4-32 oz
Spider mites	Agri-mek 0.15EC	16 fl oz
	Savey 50DF	4-6 oz	Savey kills eggs and young nymphs, not adults.
	Acramite 50WS	0.75-1.0 lb
	Danitol 2.4EC	16-21.3 fl oz
	Zeal 72WP	2-3 oz	Zeal is primarily an ovicide/larvicide and, if needed, should be used early in the season.
	Kelthane 50WP	1-2 lb
	Kanemite 15SC	21-31 fl oz
	Oberon 2SC	12-16 fl oz

Early Bloom through Bloom Apply from 5-10% bloom until flowers have finished blooming.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Botrytisblossom blight and fruit rot	NOTE: bloom. The most critical period for control of Botrytis fruit rot with fungicides is during
	Topsin M 70WSBor	1 lb	Never use Switch, Elevate, or Topsin M alone for season long control of Botrytis because of the potential for pathogen strains to develop resistance. Switch provides excellent control of Botrytis fruit rot (gray mold) and has been reported to have good activity against anthracnose fruit rot.
	Elevate 50WG or	1.5 lb
	Switch 62.5WG or	11-14 oz
	Scala 5SC plus	18 fl oz
	Captan 50WPor	4 lb
	Thiram 65WP OR	4 lb
	Captan 50WPor	6 lb
	Thiram 65WP or	5 lb
	CaptEvate 68WGor	3.5-5.25 lb	CaptEvate is a combination of Captan plus Elevate. At the high rate of CaptEvate, the amount of active ingredient of Captan and Elevate are equal to each product used alone.
	Pristine 38WG	18.5-23 oz
Powdery mildew,Leaf spot,Leaf blight,Leaf scorch	Nova 40WP or	2.5-5 oz	Nova is very effective for control of powdery mildew and Phomopsis leaf blight. Leaf spot is also listed on the label. Nova is not effective for control of Botrytis fruit rot (gray mold).
	Procure 50WS or	4-8 oz	Procure controls powdery mildew only.
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz	Abound is registered for control of powdery mildew and anthracnose.
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz	Cabrio is registered for control of leaf spot,powdery mildew, and anthracnose.
	Pristine 38WG or	18.5-23 oz
	Quintec 2.08F	10-14 fl oz	Quintec will control powdery mildew only and must be used in a protectant program.
Anthracnose	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Pristine 38WG or	18.5-23 oz
	Switch 62.5WG or	11-14 oz
	Captan 50WPOR	6 lb
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Pristine 38WG or	18.5-23 oz

Strawberry (continued)

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
	Switch 62.5WG plus	11-14 oz
Anthracnose (continued)	Captan 50WP	6 lb	Under heavy disease pressure for anthracnose all fungicides should be combined with Captan. The use of Captan close to harvest may result invisible fungicide residues on the fruit and should be avoided.
Insects	Save the bees! Do not apply insecticides during bloom.

Post-Bloom to Harvest Apply every 7-10 days as needed.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Botrytis fruit rot	Same as early bloom through bloom. See note on visible fungicide residue on fruit.		A good layer of straw mulch will reduce berry contact with soil and lessen fruit rot problems,especially leather rot. The wetter the season, the more necessary it is to maintain a thorough spray program. The use of Captan, Thiram or CaptEvate close to harvest may result in visible fungicide residues on the fruit. Close to, or during, harvest when visible residues are a concern, use Topsin M, Elevate, Switch, or Pristine alone. This should result in little or no visible residues.
Anthracnose	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Pristine 38WG or	18.5-23 oz
	Switch 62.5WG or	11-14 oz
	Captan 50WPOR	6 lb
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Pristine 38WG or	18.5-23 oz
	Switch 62.5WG plus	11-14 oz
	Captan 50WP	6 lb	Under heavy disease pressure for anthracnose all fungicides should be combined with Captan.
Leather rot	Ridomil Gold EC or
	Aliette 80WDG or		See note on page 40 for rates and timing.
	Phosphorous acid or
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Pristine 38WG	18.5-23 oz

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Leaf spot,Leaf blight,Leaf scorch,Powdery mildew	Nova 40WP or	2.5-5 oz	Nova is very effective for control of powdery mildew and Phomopsis leaf blight. Leaf spot is also listed on the label. Nova is not effective for control of Botrytis fruit rot (gray mold).
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Pristine 38WG or	18.5-23 oz
	Quintec 2.08F	10-14 fl oz	Quintec will control powdery mildew only and must be used in a protectant program.
Anthracnose fruit rot			See comments on page 41.
	Make every effort to protect bees by spraying when bees are not active. Follow all harvest restrictions.
Spittlebug,Tarnished plant bug(nymphs)	Endosulfan 50WP	2 lb
	Endosulfan 3EC	2.6 pt
	Danitol 2.4EC	10.67 fl oz
	Brigade 10WP (WSB)	6.4-32 oz
	Provado 1.6F	3.75 fl oz	Provado is for spittlebug control only.
	Sevin XLR (4EC)	1.5-2 qt	Other formulations may be available.
	Brigade 10WP (WSB)	6.4-32 oz
	SpinTor 2SC	4-6 fl oz
Leafroller	Entrust 80WP	1.25-1.5 oz
	Bt (Bacillus thuriingiensis)		See Table 10 on page 47 for a list of products that contain Bacillus thuringiensis; see individual product labels for rates and application details.
Strawberrysap beetle	As an alternative to insecticides, to control sap beetle during harvest, use bait buckets containing over-ripe fruit placed in field between berry patch and wooded area.
	Brigade 10WP (WSB)	6.4-32 oz	Brigade has a 0-day pre-harvest interval.
	Danitol 2.4EC	16-21.3 fl oz	Danitol has a 2-day pre-harvest interval.
	Broadcast baits before berries form, or apply to soil surface in band between rows after berries form. Best if applied in the evening after rain or irrigation.
Slugs	Deadline MPs (4% bait)	10-40 lb
	Prozap Snail and SlugAG (3.5% bait)	12-39 lb
	Sluggo	24-44 lb
Strawberryrootworm (adult beetles)			No insecticides are labeled for this pest. Insecticides used for control of other strawberry pests are likely to control this pest as well. This pest builds up in perennially grown strawberries,not those replanted yearly and grown on plastic mulch.

Harvest Apply during fruit harvest season.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Botrytis fruit rot	If wet weather persists and fungicide is required for control of Botrytis fruit rot, these fungicides should be effective. NOTE: If Botrytis is controlled effectively during bloom, the need for additional fungicide applications during harvest is greatly reduced or eliminated. Due to the relatively high application rates, the use of Captan and Thiram immediately prior to or during harvest may result in unsightly residues on fruit. Thus, their use at this time is discouraged. In addition, other use restrictions apply. Always read the label.
	Topsin M 70WSBor	0.75-1 lb	Topsin M has a 1-day PHI.

Strawberry (continued)

Harvest (continued)

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
	Elevate 50WG or	1.5 lb	Elevate has a 0-day PHI.
	Switch 62.5WG or	11-14 oz	Switch has a 0-day PHI.
	Pristine 38WG or	18.5-23 oz
	Scala 5SC OR	18 fl oz
Botrytis fruit rot (continued)	Topsin M 70WSBor	0.75-1 lb	Topsin M, Elevate, or Switch should not be used alone in repeated sprays due to the potential for fungicide resistance development.
	Elevate 50WG or	1.5 lb
	Switch 62.5WG or	11-14 oz
	Pristine 38WG or	18.5-23 oz
	Scala 5SC plus	18 fl oz
	Captan 50WP	2-4 lb	The addition of Captan should result in a higher level of disease control; however, Captan used at higher rates and closer to harvest may leave visible residues on fruit.
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Pristine 38WG or	18.5-23 oz
	Switch 62.5WG or	11-14 oz
	Captan 50WPOR	6 lb
Anthracnose	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Pristine 38WG or	18.5-23 oz
	Switch 62.5WG plus	11-14 oz
	Captan 50WP	6 lb	The addition of Captan should result in a higher level of disease control; however, Captan used at higher rates and closer to harvest may leave visible residues on fruit.
Leather rot			See comments on page 40.

Post Harvest and New Plantings apply every 10-14 days as needed.
Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
Leaf spot,Leaf scorch,Leaf blight	It is important to maintain good functional foliage on the plants until late fall. Especially during wet seasons, leaf diseases can increase, resulting in weak plants and increased primary inoculum for the next season. Extra fungicide sprays after harvest may be required.
	Captan 50WPor	6 lb
	Thiram 65WP or	5 lb
	Topsin M 70WSB	0.75-1 lb

Pest/Problem	Material	Rate/Acre	Comments
	Nova 40WP or	2.5-5 oz	Nova is very effective for control of powdery mildew and Phomopsis leaf blight. Leaf spot is also listed on the label.
Leaf blight,Leaf spot,Leaf scorch,Powdery mildew	Pristine 38WG or	18.5-23 oz
	Abound 2.08F or	6.2-15.4 fl oz
	Cabrio 20EG or	14 oz
	Quintec 2.08F	10-14 fl oz	Quintec will control powdery mildew only and must be used in a protectant program.
	Admire 2F	16-24 fl oz	Admire and Platinum are for post harvest soil application on perennial strawberries during renovation.
White grubs	Admire Pro	7-10.5 fl oz
	Platinum 2SC	5-12 oz
Insects in new
plantings,including strawberry root weevils			See comments on page 41.
Leather rot,Red stele			See comments on page 40.

Special Comments on the Strawberry Schedule

Leather Rot and Red Stele Control

Ridomil is labeled for control of red stele (caused by Phytophthora fragariae) and leather rot (caused byPhytophthora cactorum). The label for perennial strawberries reads: Established Plantings: Apply Ridomil Gold

EC at 1 pt per treated acre in sufficient water to move the fungicide into the root zone of the plants. Make one application in the spring after the ground thaws and before first bloom. A second application may be applied after harvest in the fall. For supplemental control of leather rot, an application may be made during the growing season at fruit set. Use sufficient water to move the Ridomil into the root zone. For banded applications, a 12-inch band is recommended. Use the formula in the General Information section of this label to determine the amount of Ridomil needed per acre. Note: To avoid possible illegal residues, do not use more than a total of 1 1/2 qt Ridomil Gold EC per acre on strawberries per year.

Aliette is labeled for control of red stele and leather rot. For red stele it is labeled for use as a dip (before planting)or as a foliar spray. Dip: Use 2.5 lb per 100 gallons of water. Apply as a pre-plant dip to strawberry roots and crowns for 15 to 30 minutes. Plant within 24 hours after dipping. Foliar: Apply 2.5-5 lb/A. Apply as a foliar spray in the spring when plants start active growth. If disease conditions persist or reoccur, make additional applications at 30 to 60 day intervals. For leather rot, apply 2.5-5 lb/A, as a foliar spray between 10% bloom and early fruit set, and continue on a seven- to 14-day interval as long as conditions are favorable for disease development. Applications can be made the same day as harvest (PHI=0 days). Do not exceed 30 lb of product per acre per season.

Phosphorous acid (Agri-Fos) is labeled for control of red stele and leather rot on strawberries. This material has essentially the same active ingredient as Aliette and the use recommendations for red stele and leather rot are very similar to those of Aliette; however, Aliette is a wettable powder and Agri-Fos is a liquid. Agri-Fos is recommended at the rate of 1.25 qt/A in 90 gallons of water or 2.5 qts/A in 200 gallons of water. For red stele, first treatment is made during spring growth flush, and treatment is repeated at one- to two-month intervals as needed. For leather rot, apply at 10% bloom and early fruit set, then at one-to two-week intervals as required for disease control. Several phosphorous acid fungicides are currently being registered for use on several crops in the United States, and others will probably be registered for use on strawberry.

Abound, Cabrio, and Pristine are all effective for control of leather rot when applied in a protectant program.

Anthracnose Fruit Rot Control

Anthracnose can be a severe disease attacking both green and ripe (red) strawberry fruit. The disease is favored by high temperatures accompanied by rainfall prior to, and during harvest. If anthracnose was a problem in the planting during the previous growing season or is detected in the planting during the current growing season, growers may want to consider an intensified fungicide spray program. Abound 2.08F, Cabrio 20EG, and Pristine

38WG fungicides are registered for control of anthracnose and powdery mildew. All of these fungicides are reported to have good to excellent activity against anthracnose and are the fungicides of choice for anthracnose control. All fungicides are at risk for fungicide resistance development in the fungi that cause powdery mildew and anthracnose. In order to prevent or delay the development of fungicide resistance, none of these fungicides should be applied more than four times per season or in more than two sequential sprays without alternating to a fungicide in a different class of chemistry. Abound, Cabrio, and Pristine are all in the same class of chemistry (strobilurins) and cannot be alternated with each other as a fungicide resistance management strategy. Captan is the old standard material for anthracnose control, but is not as effective as Abound, Cabrio, or Pristine. Switch fungicide is also reported to have some activity against anthracnose. Therefore, Captan or Switch should be alternated with Abound, Cabrio, or Pristine. Under heavy disease pressure, growers should consider using a combination (tank mix) of Abound, Cabrio, or Pristine plus Captan for control of anthracnose fruit rot. These materials must be used in a protectant program. Once the disease is present in the field it is difficult to control with fungicides.

Strawberry Root Weevil or Black Vine Weevil

The larval stage of these pests damages strawberry roots. Because of the weevils lack of mobility, infestations do not spread rapidly. Be sure that nursery stock is not infested before planting. Plow under old plantings soon after harvest, and locate new plantings 300 feet away.

Adult weevils can be killed by one or more foliar sprays of Brigade 10WP. Platinum 2SC is labeled for soil application to control root weevil larvae.

Ohio has a 24(c) special local needs label for carbofuran (Furadan 4F) on strawberries. In younger plants,Furadan can be applied after harvest but before September 1. One application per season is allowed, at a rate of4 pt/A. Furadan kills the adults before eggs are laid and kills any larvae. It is most effective at reaching larvae if irrigated (or rained in) after application. No berries should be present at the time of treatment; the plants may be mowed before application to remove remaining berries.

Potato Leafhopper

Strawberry foliage can be damaged by adult potato leafhoppers that feed in the crop for a short time, then leave. Damaged leaves become crinkled and turn yellow to brown at the margins. Damage is often detected after leafhoppers have left the field. If infestations are detected, carbaryl (Sevin) is labeled for control of this pest.

Brigade, Danitol, Diazinon, Lannate, and Endosulfan do not list leafhoppers on their labels but should also provide control.

Eastern Flower Thrips

Eastern flower thrips cause small, seedy fruit with a rubbery texture and poor color. We recommend that growers inspect the early blossoms on early varieties for the presence of thrips. Although an exact threshold is unknown for Midwest conditions, data from elsewhere suggest that control is warranted if thrip counts exceed 2 to 10per blossom. This is a wide range, but more precise information is not available. Endosulfan, Lorsban, Brigade, Danitol, Entrust, or SpinTor are likely to work well. Growers may also want to consider using insecticides containing neem extracts (Aza-Direct or Neemix) that are less toxic to bees.

Cyclamen Mites

Use Endosulfan one to two days before bloom and again 10 to14 days later. Apply 4 lb of Endosulfan 50W or 2.7 qts of Endosulfan 3EC in the first application and 2 lb of 50W or 1.3 qts. 3EC in the second. It is not effective if delayed until midsummer. Another option is Kelthane 50WP used at 3-4 lb/A.

Cultivars	Verticillium wilt	Red stele	Leaf disease1	Powdery mildew	Sinbarsensitivity2
Junebearing
Allstar	R-T3	R	T	T	NS
Annapolis	I	R	S	S	VS
Brunswick	U	U	U	U	U
Cabot	U	R	T	U	U
Cavendish	I	R	PR	S	S
DarSelect	U	U	T	U	U
DelMarvel4	R	R	R	U	U
Earliglow	R	R5	R	PR	NS
Eros	S	R	U	U	U
Evangeline	U	S	U	R	U
Guardian	R	R5	R	S	VS
Honeoye	S	S	PR	T	MS
Jewel	S	S	PR	R	U
Kent	S	S	S	T	VS
Latestar	R	R	R	U	U
Lester	S	R	R	T	U
Mesabi	R	R	R	R	U
Mira	U	R	S	R	U
Noreaster	R	R	I	S	U
Ovation	U	U	U	U	U
Primetime	R	R	R	U	U
Redchief	PR	R5	R	R	U
Seneca	S	S	U	U	U
Surecrop	R	R5	R	U	U
Wendy	U	U	U	U	U
Winona	T	R	R	U	U
Day Neutral
Tribute	PR	R	T	R	VS
Tristar	R	R	T	R	VS
Seascape	U	U	U	U	U
Plasticulture System6
Camarosa	U	U	S	S	U
Chandler	U	S	S	S	U
Sweet Charlie4	U	U	U	U	U

Rating: I=intermediate; PR=partially resistant; R=resistant; S=susceptible; T=tolerant; U=unknown. 1Includes leaf spot and leaf scorch. 2Cultivar sensitivity to Sinbar herbicide. Rating: VS=very sensitive, S=sensitive, MS=moderately sensitive, SS=slightly sensitive, NS=not very sensitive. 3Resistant characteristics of the cultivars usually preclude the need for other controls. 4Del Marvel and Sweet Charlie have been reported to have good field resistance to anthracnose fruit rot. 5Resistant to several races of the red stele fungus. 6Plasticulture production is primarily for southern areas of the Midwest. Ratings according to the Penn State Commercial Berry Production and Pest Management Guide, 2002-2004. See expanded table in the Midwest Small Fruit Pest Management Handbook.

42

Table 6. Fungicide Effectiveness for Strawberry Disease Control

Fungicide	Phomopsisleaf blight	Leaf spot	Powdery mildew	Gray mold	Leather rot	Anthracnosefruit rot
Abound	?	?	+++	++	+++	+++
Aliette	0	0	0	0	+++	0
Cabrio	?	++	+++	++	+++	+++
Captan	++	++	0	++	+	++
CaptEvate	++	++	0	+++	+	++
Elevate	0	0	0	+++	0	0
Nova	+++	++	+++	0	0	0
Phosphorous acid	0	0	0	0	+++	0
Pristine	?	++	+++	++	+++	+++
Procure	?	?	+++	0	0	0
Quintec	0	0	+++	0	0	0
Ridomil	0	0	0	0	+++	0
Scala	0	0	0	+++	0	0
Switch	0	0	0	+++	0	++
Topsin M1	++	++	+++	+++	0	0
Thiram	++	++	0	++	+	+

Efficacy rating system: +++=highly effective; ++=moderately effective; +=slightly effective; 0=not effective; ?=activity unknown. 1Never apply Topsin M alone. Always apply in combination with an unrelated fungicide such as Captan or Thiram.

Table 7. Effectiveness of Pesticides for Control of Strawberry Insects and Mites

CHEMICAL	Clipper	Cyclamen mite	Leafhoppers	Leafrollers	Root weevils	Rootworms	Slugs	Sap beetles	Spider mites	Spittlebug	Tarnished plant bug	White grubs
Acramite	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+++	-	-	-
Admire	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+++
Agri-mek	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+++	-	-	-
Brigade	+++	-	++	-	-	-	-	+++	+	+++	+++	-
Danitol	-	-	++	-	-	-	-	++	+	+++	+++	-
Diazinon	-	-	+	++	+	-	-	++	-	++	+	++
Dibrom	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	++	-	-	-	-
Endosulfan (Thiodan)	-	+++	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	+++	+++	-
Intrepid	-	-	-	++	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Kanemite	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	++	-	-	-
Kelthane	-	++	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-
Lannate	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	++	-	-
Lorsban	+++	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Malathion	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	++	-
Metaldehyde	-	-	-	-	-	-	++	-	-	-	-	-
Oberon	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	++	-	-	-
Provado	-	-	++	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Savey	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+++	-	-	-
Sevin	-	-	++	+	-	-	-	-	-	++	-	-
Sluggo	-	-	-	-	-	-	+++	-	-	-	-	-
SpinTor	-	-	-	++	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Vendex	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-
Zeal	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+++	-	-	-

Efficacy rating system: +++=Highly effective; ++=moderately effective; +=slightly effective; -= ineffective or not sufficient data.

43

Trade Name	Common Name	Harvest Restrictions Days before harvest and limitations (Maximumamount/acre/season)a				REIb	FRACc Code
		Grape	Blueberry	Brambles	Strawberry
Abound	azoxystrobin	14*	0	0	0	12 hr	11
Adament	tebuconazole +trifloxystrobin	14*	-	-	-	24hr	113
Aliette	fosetyl-AL	15*	0*	60	0 (30 lb)	12 hr	33
Basic coppersulfate	copper sulfate	0	-	0	0	24 hr	M
Bayleton	triadimefon	14 (18 oz)	-	-	-	12 hr	3
Cabrio	pyraclostrobin	-	0 (56 oz)	0 (56 oz)	0 (56 oz)	24 hr	11
Captan	captan	0 (24 lb)	0 (70 lb)	3d	0 (48 lb)	See notee	M
CaptEvate	captan plusfenhexamid	-	0 (21 lb)	0 (21 lb)	0 (21 lb)	24/72 hre	M17
DithaneM-45, others	mancozeb	66*	-	-	-	24 hr	M
Elevate	fenhexamid	0*	0	0	0*	12 hr	17
Elite	tebuconazole	14	-	-	-	12 hr	3
Endura	boscalid	14*	-	-	-	12 hr	7
Ferbam	carbamate	7	-	-	-	24 hr	M
Flint	trifloxystrobin	14*	-	-	-	12 hr	11
Indar	fenbuconazole	-	30	-	-	12 hr	3
JMS StyletOil	oil	0	-	-	0	12 hr	-
Nova	myclobutanil	14 (1.5 lb)	-	1 (10 oz)	1 (10 oz)	24 hr	3
Pristine	pyraclostrobinplus boscalid	14*	0*	0*	0*	24 hr	117
Procure	triflumizole	7 (32 oz)	-	-	-	24 hr	3
ProPhyt,Phostrol,Agri-Fos	phosphorousacid	0	0	0*	0	4 hr	33
Quintec	quinoxyfen	14*	-	-	1*	12 hr	13
Ridomil	metalaxyl	-	-	45	*	12 hr	4
RidomilGold MZ	metalaxyl plusmancozeb	66	-	-	-	24 hr	4M
RidomilGold Copper	matalaxyl pluscopper	42	-	-	-	48 hr	4M
Rovral	iprodione	7*	0*	0*	-	24 hrf	2
Rubigan	fenarimol	21 (19 oz)	-	-	-	12 hr	3
Scala	pyrimethanil	7	-	-	1	see noteg	9
Sovran	kresoximmethyl	14*	-	-	-	12 hr	11
Sulfur	sulfur	0	0	0	0	24 hr	M
Switch	cyprodinil plusfludioxonil	-	0 (56 oz)	0 (56 oz)	0 (56 oz)	12 hr	912
Topsin M	thiophanate	14 (4 lb)	-	-	1	see noteh	1
Thiram	thiram	-	-	-	3	24 hr	M
Vangard	cyprodinil	7*	-	-	-	12 hr	9

*-Limited number of applications allowed, or other restrictions apply. REFER TO LABEL DIRECTIONS.Not registered or recommended for the crop listed.

abAmounts shown in parenthesis are the maximum amounts of the fungicide permitted per season. All fungicides have a Restricted-Entry Interval (REI). The restricted-entry interval is the time immediately after a pesticide application when entry into the treated area is limited. Check labels for REI. Restrictions in REI may prohibit the use of certain pesticides during harvest.

cdeFRAC code represents the mode of action of the fungicide. Captan 80WDG has a 3-day REI on grapes, raspberries, blackberries and blueberries. All captan formulations have a 24-hour REI on See comments on captan formulations and registrations on page 33. strawberries. CaptEvate has a 72-hour REI on blueberries and raspberries, and a 24-hour REI on strawberries. fREI for Rovral is 48 hours on grapes. ghREI for Scala is 24 hours on grapes, 12 hours on strawberries. REI for Topsin M is 7 days on grapes.

Note on Fungicide Resistance Management

Plant pathogenic fungi have been known to develop resistance to fungicides after repeated exposure. For fungicide resistance management, avoid successive applications of fungicides within the same group or type of chemistry. The Fungicide Resistance Action Committee codes (FRAC codes) listed in Table 8 identify the various fungicide mode of action groups. Rotating to fungicides with a different FRAC code should help avoid development of fungicide resistance in pathogenic fungi.

Strobilurin Fungicides include: azoxystrobin (Abound); pyraclostrobin (Cabrio, Pristine); trifloxystrobin

(Flint); and kresoxim-methyl (Sovran). Sterol Inhibiting Fungicides include: triadimefon (Bayleton); tebuconazole (Elite); myclobutanil (Nova);

triflumizole (Procure); and fenarimol (Rubigan).

Benzimidazole Fungicides include: thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M, T methyl).

The following fungicides are also at risk for resistance development: fenhexamide (Elevate); boscalid (Endura);metalaxyl (Ridomil); iprodione (Rovral); cyprodinil (Vangard, Switch); and pyrimethanil (Scala).

The following materials are broad spectrum protectant fungicides and are not considered to be at risk forresistance development: captan (Captan); mancozeb (Dithane, Manzate, Penncozeb); carbamate (Ferbam); thiram

(Thiram); ziram (Ziram); fixed copper (several trade names); and sulfur.

Trade Name	Common Name	Harvest RestrictionsDays before harvest and limitations				REIa	FRACb Code
		Grape	Blueberry	Brambles	Strawberry
Acramite	bifenazate	14	-	-	1	12hr/5days	25
Actara	thiamethoxam	-	3	-	3	12 hr	4A
Admire	imidacloprid	30	7	7	14	12 hr	4A
Agri-mek(RUP)	abamectin	28	-	-	3	12 hr	6
Applaud	buprofezin	30	-	-	-	12 hr	16
Asana (RUP)	esfenvalerate	-	14	7	-	12 hr	3
Assail	acetamiprid	7	-	-	-	12 hr	4A
Avaunt	indoxacarb	7	-	-	-	12 hr	22
Baythroid	cyfluthrin	3	-	-	-	12 hr	3
Brigade (RUP)	bifenthrin	-	-	3	0	12 hr	3
Capture (RUP)	bifenthrin	30	-	3	-	12 hr	3
Clutch	clothianidin	0	-	-	-	12 hr	4A
Confirm	tebufenozide	-	14	14	-	4 hr	18A
Danitol (RUP)	fenpropathrin	21	3	-	2	24 hr	3
Deadline	metaldehyde	0	0	0	0	12 hr	-
Delegate	Spinetoram	7	3	1	-	12hr	5
Diazinon(RUP)	diazinon	28	7	-	5*	24 hr	1B
Dibrom	naled